Photo-Detectors for Time of Flight Positron Emission Tomography (ToF-PET)

Spanoudaki, Virginia; Levin, Craig S.

doi:10.3390/s101110484

Cited by 88 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Due to the limited time performance of the current detectors, it is not possible to localize the exact position of annihilation, which brings uncertainty to the registered data. As a result, the recorded time difference Δt is blurred by a variance σ Δx 2 , resulting in a corresponding blurring in the estimated position Δx by variance σ Δx 2 [13], as shown in Fig. 3b.…”

Section: Time-of-flight Positron Emission Tomography (Tof-pet) Physicmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In PET, the timing resolution is usually measured for a pair of detectors and reported as the full width half maximum (FWHM) of the distribution of the ToF difference between the detectors. The timing resolution of modern conventional PET systems ranges from 2 ns to 10 ns, and commercial ToF-PET systems are known to achieve time resolution in the range of 500 ps to 700 ps [13], but a timing resolution of 390 ps (per crystal timing performance) has been reported with a prototype commercial system [18]. Numerous studies with commercial systems have shown improved image quality [19], as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Time Resolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PMTs are much less sensitive to temperature fluctuation compared to semiconductor detectors and have good gains but at the same time several drawbacks such as a low QE, relatively bulky size and need for a high voltage power supply [13].…”

Section: Photodetectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Avalanche Photodiode (APD) The avalanche photodiode (APD) is another type of photosensor that can be used in PET detectors. APDs have lower gain and response time compared to PMT, which make them unsuitable for ToF-PET [13].…”

Section: Photodetectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6 Equivalent schematic of the structure and electronic schematic of the silicon photomultiplier [84,85] Fig. 5 Photomultiplier tube [13] photon interacts with a microcell, it generates electron-hole pairs [86]. These electron-hole pairs trigger Geiger discharge when operated above the breakdown voltage [82].…”

Section: Photodetectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Instrumentation for Time-of-Flight Positron Emission Tomography

Ullah

Pratiwi

Cheon

et al. 2016

Nucl Med Mol Imaging

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Positron emission tomography (PET) is a molecular imaging modality that provides information at the molecular level. This system is composed of radiation detectors to detect incoming coincident annihilation gamma photons emitted from the radiopharmaceutical injected into a patient's body and uses these data to reconstruct images. A major trend in PET instrumentation is the development of time-of-flight positron emission tomography (ToF-PET). In ToF-PET, the time information (the instant the radiation is detected) is incorporated for image reconstruction. Therefore, precise and accurate timing recording is crucial in ToF-PET. ToF-PET leads to better localization of the annihilation event and thus results in overall improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the reconstructed image. Several factors affect the timing performance of ToF-PET. In this article, the background, early research and recent advances in ToF-PET instrumentation are presented. Emphasis is placed on the various types of scintillators, photodetectors and electronic circuitry for use in ToF-PET, and their impact on timing resolution is discussed.

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Section: Time-of-flight Positron Emission Tomography (Tof-pet) Physicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Time Resolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Photodetectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Photodetectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Photodetectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Instrumentation for Time-of-Flight Positron Emission Tomography

Ullah

Pratiwi

Cheon

et al. 2016

Nucl Med Mol Imaging

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Technological advancements in cancer diagnostics: Improvements and limitations

Pulumati

Dwarakanath

et al. 2023

Cancer Reports

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Background: Cancer is characterized by the rampant proliferation, growth, and infiltration of malignantly transformed cancer cells past their normal boundaries into adjacent tissues. It is the leading cause of death worldwide, responsible for approximately 19.3 million new diagnoses and 10 million deaths globally in 2020. In the United States alone, the estimated number of new diagnoses and deaths is 1.9 million and 609 360, respectively. Implementation of currently existing cancer diagnostic techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET), X-ray computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and molecular diagnostic techniques, have enabled early detection rates and are instrumental not only for the therapeutic management of cancer patients, but also for early detection of the cancer itself. The effectiveness of these cancer screening programs are heavily dependent on the rate of accurate precursor lesion identification; an increased rate of identification allows for earlier onset treatment, thus decreasing the incidence of invasive cancer in the long-term, and improving the overall prognosis. Although these diagnostic techniques are advantageous due to lack of invasiveness and easier accessibility within the clinical setting, several limitations such as optimal target definition, high signal to background ratio and associated artifacts hinder the accurate diagnosis of specific types of deep-seated tumors, besides associated high cost. In this review we discuss various imaging, molecular, and low-cost diagnostic tools and related technological advancements, to provide a better understanding of cancer diagnostics, unraveling new opportunities for effective management of cancer, particularly in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs).Recent Findings: Herein we discuss various technological advancements that are being utilized to construct an assortment of new diagnostic techniques that incorporate hardware, image reconstruction software, imaging devices, biomarkers, and even artificial intelligence algorithms, thereby providing a reliable diagnosis and analysis of the tumor. Also, we provide a brief account of alternative low cost-effective cancer therapy devices (CryoPop ® , LumaGEM ® , MarginProbe ® ) and picture archiving and communication systems (PACS), emphasizing the need for multi-disciplinary

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Development of Miniaturized Electrochemiluminescence Instrument using Multi‐pixel Photon Counter as the Optical Detector

Dai

Zhao

et al. 2020

Electroanalysis

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We developed a miniaturized electrochemiluminescence (ECL) instrument coupled with a light‐emitting diode‐based bipolar electrochemical sensor (LED‐BPES). This instrument composes of a microcontroller circuit, a power supply circuit, a potentiostat, an optical detecting circuit, and a communication circuit. The multi‐pixel photon counter (MPPC), which is low‐cost, small‐size, and wide‐range in optical measurements, is chosen as the optical detector. The LED‐BPES composes of a disposable screen‐printed carbon electrode (SPCE) and a surface‐mount red LED. Depended on the closed bipolar electrode (C‐BPE) structure, the LED‐BPES not only avoids the employment of unstable and complex ECL reactions but also offers a cost‐effective alternative for the over‐priced ECL reagents by using a mini‐size commercial LED as the luminescent producer. The combination of MPPC and LED‐BPES helps to set up the simplified and downsized instrument system with low price and high efficiency. The presented instrument coupled with LED‐BPES works excellent in electroactive molecules detection and has great potential in the application of heavy metal ions detection.

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Photo-Detectors for Time of Flight Positron Emission Tomography (ToF-PET)

Cited by 88 publications

References 50 publications

Instrumentation for Time-of-Flight Positron Emission Tomography

Instrumentation for Time-of-Flight Positron Emission Tomography

Technological advancements in cancer diagnostics: Improvements and limitations

Development of Miniaturized Electrochemiluminescence Instrument using Multi‐pixel Photon Counter as the Optical Detector

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