System Design and Modeling of a High Temperature PEM Fuel Cell Operated with Ammonia as a Fuel

Cinti, Giovanni; Liso, Vincenzo; Sahlin, Simon Lennart; Araya, Samuel Simon

doi:10.3390/en13184689

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(53 reference statements)

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“…The effects of different impurities (i.e., CO, CO 2 , and CH 3 OH) have been found to provide satisfactory tolerances for single cells and stacks. , However, HT-PEMFCs were not very popular with ammonia as a fuel. Recently, technological developments have led to strong interest in HT-PEMFCs as a result of the possibility of using ammonia as a fuel …”

Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review on Ammonia as a Potential Fuel: From Synthesis to Economics

et al. 2021

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Ammonia, a molecule that is gaining more interest as a fueling vector, has been considered as a candidate to power transport, produce energy, and support heating applications for decades. However, the particular characteristics of the molecule always made it a chemical with low, if any, benefit once compared to conventional fossil fuels. Still, the current need to decarbonize our economy makes the search of new methods crucial to use chemicals, such as ammonia, that can be produced and employed without incurring in the emission of carbon oxides. Therefore, current efforts in this field are leading scientists, industries, and governments to seriously invest efforts in the development of holistic solutions capable of making ammonia a viable fuel for the transition toward a clean future. On that basis, this review has approached the subject gathering inputs from scientists actively working on the topic. The review starts from the importance of ammonia as an energy vector, moving through all of the steps in the production, distribution, utilization, safety, legal considerations, and economic aspects of the use of such a molecule to support the future energy mix. Fundamentals of combustion and practical cases for the recovery of energy of ammonia are also addressed, thus providing a complete view of what potentially could become a vector of crucial importance to the mitigation of carbon emissions. Different from other works, this review seeks to provide a holistic perspective of ammonia as a chemical that presents benefits and constraints for storing energy from sustainable sources. State-of-the-art knowledge provided by academics actively engaged with the topic at various fronts also enables a clear vision of the progress in each of the branches of ammonia as an energy carrier. Further, the fundamental boundaries of the use of the molecule are expanded to real technical issues for all potential technologies capable of using it for energy purposes, legal barriers that will be faced to achieve its deployment, safety and environmental considerations that impose a critical aspect for acceptance and wellbeing, and economic implications for the use of ammonia across all aspects approached for the production and implementation of this chemical as a fueling source. Herein, this work sets the principles, research, practicalities, and future views of a transition toward a future where ammonia will be a major energy player.

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Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, technological developments have led to strong interest in HT-PEMFCs as a result of the possibility of using ammonia as a fuel. 298 4.4.1.2. Proton-Conducting Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (PC-SOFC).…”

Section: Combustionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Ammonia as a Potential Fuel: From Synthesis to Economics

et al. 2021

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“…Liquid ammonia has a high hydrogen storage density, 17.8 wt% by mass and 121 Kg H 2 m −3 by volume, so it is a particularly promising hydrogen storage carrier. The large-scale industrial synthesis of ammonia has long been mature, and in the future, it can also be used to achieve zero-emission renewable energy cycle storage systems through renewable energy sources (Cinti et al, 2020). Currently, facilities for ammonia transportation and storage exist in society, so it can be easily and economically transported to its destination (Mckinlay et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation and Study of PEMFC System Directly Fueled by Ammonia Decomposition Gas

Zhao

Liang

2022

Front. Energy Res.

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Ammonia can be stored as a liquid under relatively easy conditions (Ambient temperature by applying 10 bar or Ambient pressure with the temperature of 239 K). At the same time, liquid ammonia has a high hydrogen storage density and is, therefore, a particularly promising carrier for hydrogen storage. At the same time, the current large-scale industrial synthesis of ammonia has long been mature, and in the future, it will be possible to achieve a zero-emission ammonia regeneration cycle system by replacing existing energy sources with renewable ones. Ammonia does not contain carbon, and its use in fuel cells can avoid NOx production during energy release. high temperature solid oxide fuel cells can be directly fueled by ammonia and obtain good output characteristics, but the challenges inherent in high temperature solid oxide fuel cells greatly limit the implementation of this option. Whereas PEMFC has gained initial commercial use, however, for PEMFC, ammonia is a toxic gas, so the general practice is to convert ammonia to pure hydrogen. Ammonia to hydrogen requires decomposition under high temperature and purification, which increases the complexity of the fuel system. In contrast, PEMFC that can use ammonia decomposition gas directly can simplify the fuel system, and this option has already obtained preliminary experimental validation studies. The energy efficiency of the system obtained from the preliminary validation experiments is only 34–36%, which is much lower than expected. Therefore, this paper establishes a simulation model of PEMFC directly using ammonia decomposition gas as fuel to study the maximum efficiency of the system and the effect of the change of system parameters on the efficiency, and the results show that the system efficiency can reach up to 45% under the condition of considering certain heat loss. Increasing the ammonia decomposition reaction temperature decreases the system efficiency, but the effect is small, and the system efficiency can reach 44% even at a temperature of 850°C. The results of the study can provide a reference for a more scientific and quantitative assessment of the potential value of direct ammonia decomposition gas-fueled PEMFC.

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“…To achieve the goal of a society with zero CO 2 emissions, it is urgently necessary to use CO 2 free fuels and energy sources. , Hydrogen is one of the CO 2 free fuels attracting global attention. , It is difficult to store and transport a large amount of hydrogen because hydrogen is a gas under normal conditions. Therefore, many researchers study hydrogen energy carriers such as ammonia, organic liquid, and liquid hydrogen. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic and Spectroscopic Analyses of Zirconium Phosphate-Absorbed Ammonia

2021

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Zirconium phosphate is insoluble in water and has a large ammonia storage capacity with a low ammonia plateau concentration in water. In this study, the thermodynamics of ammonia on zirconium phosphate (ZrP) and the local structure such as the interaction between ammonia and ZrP have been investigated using the temperature dependence of ammonia concentration composition isotherm (CCI) measurements, 31 P magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance ( 31 P MAS NMR), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The standard enthalpy changes ΔH 0 of ZrP-absorbed ammonia (1 mol(NH 3 ) mol −1 (ZrP):ZrP-NH 3 and 2 mol(NH 3 ) mol −1 (ZrP):ZrP-2NH 3 ) were calculated to be ≤ −111 and −64 kJ mol −1 (NH 3 ), respectively. 31 P MAS NMR and FT-IR indicated that the local structures of ZrP-NH 3 and ZrP-2NH 3 were different. It was suggested that nitrogen in ammonia reacts with hydrogen in the phosphate group to form a N−H covalent bond in NH 4 + having hydrogen bonds, although the number of hydrogen bonds in ZrP-NH 3 was smaller than that in ZrP-2NH 3 .

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System Design and Modeling of a High Temperature PEM Fuel Cell Operated with Ammonia as a Fuel

Cited by 7 publications

References 43 publications

Review on Ammonia as a Potential Fuel: From Synthesis to Economics

Review on Ammonia as a Potential Fuel: From Synthesis to Economics

Simulation and Study of PEMFC System Directly Fueled by Ammonia Decomposition Gas

Thermodynamic and Spectroscopic Analyses of Zirconium Phosphate-Absorbed Ammonia

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