Syphilis and Skin Diseases in the American Negro

Hazen, H. H.

doi:10.1001/archderm.1935.01460210027002

Cited by 44 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…In 1908, Fox 68 reported that 7·4% (163/2200) of caucasian patients and 4·6% (101/2200) of black patients had acne vulgaris. Hazen 69 in 1914 found a similar frequency of acne in 2000 outpatient visits of black patients when compared with 2000 caucasian patients (8·4% and 9%, respectively). Such clinic‐based studies are not a good method of making inferences about population characteristics as the estimates could reflect selection bias in those attending or differences in diagnostic perception.…”

Section: Ethnicitymentioning

confidence: 92%

Epidemiology of acne vulgaris

Bhate¹,

Williams²

2013

British Journal of Dermatology

667

517

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SummaryDespite acne being an almost universal condition in younger people, relatively little is known about its epidemiology. We sought to review what is known about the distribution and causes of acne by conducting a systematic review of relevant epidemiological studies. We searched Medline and Embase to the end of November 2011. The role of Propionibacterium acnes in pathogenesis is unclear: antibiotics have a direct antimicrobial as well as an anti-inflammatory effect. Moderate-to-severe acne affects around 20% of young people and severity correlates with pubertal maturity. Acne may be presenting at a younger age because of earlier puberty. It is unclear if ethnicity is truly associated with acne. Black individuals are more prone to postinflammatory hyperpigmentation and specific subtypes such as 'pomade acne'. Acne persists into the 20s and 30s in around 64% and 43% of individuals, respectively. The heritability of acne is almost 80% in first-degree relatives. Acne occurs earlier and is more severe in those with a positive family history. Suicidal ideation is more common in those with severe compared with mild acne. In the U.S.A., the cost of acne is over 3 billion dollars per year in terms of treatment and loss of productivity. A systematic review in 2005 found no clear evidence of dietary components increasing acne risk. One small randomized controlled trial showed that low glycaemic index (GI) diets can lower acne severity. A possible association between dairy food intake and acne requires closer scrutiny. Natural sunlight or poor hygiene are not associated. The association between smoking and acne is probably due to confounding. Validated core outcomes in future studies will help in combining future evidence.The clinical and histological features of acne, a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit, are well described. Scarring is often present following inflammation 3 as illustrated in Figure 1. The pathophysiological events occurring in acne are also relatively well studied. Lesions start when keratinocytes lining the hair follicle desquamate creating a microcomedone. At puberty increased sebum production creates an environment that can sustain the colonization of Propionibacterium acnes. As P. acnes proliferates, inflammatory and chemotactic mediators are produced, which in turn drive inflammatory processes. 4Despite advances in understanding the pathophysiology of acne, much less appears to have been written about its epidemiology, which is strange considering that acne is almost universal in teenage years. Epidemiology not only describes the burden of disease in terms of incidence, prevalence and variations according to age, sex, social class, ethnic group and geography, but also has the potential to identify specific risk factors for disease occurrence or progression, which may be amenable to manipulation. Discovery of risk factors or factors that exacerbate existing disease could lead to appropriate primary or secondary preventative measures and treatments, which in turn could lead t...

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Section: Ethnicitymentioning

confidence: 92%

Epidemiology of acne vulgaris

Bhate¹,

Williams²

2013

British Journal of Dermatology

667

517

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“…Data on the prevalence of this condition is very scarce. Hazen examined 11,729 Negro patients with skin diseases and found that 4 (0.034%) of them had lichen nitidus [7]. Lapins et al reviewed the files of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology in Washington, DC, USA and identified 43 cases of lichen nitidus [8].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generalized Lichen Nitidus in Identical Twins

Leung

2012

Case Reports in Dermatological Medicine

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Lichen nitidus is an uncommon idiopathic chronic dermatosis characterized by minute, flesh-colored or hypopigmented, shiny papules commonly occurring on the abdomen, chest, genitalia, and extremities. The disorder is most often localized but, rarely, can become extensive or generalized. The occurrence of lichen nitidus during infancy is extremely rare. A perusal of the English literature revealed but two cases. We report two identical twins with lesions of generalized lichen nitidus noted at two months of age. The familial occurrence of lichen nitidus suggests that a genetic factor may be operative.

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“…Hazen (1914Hazen ( -1935, aux Etats-Unis, n'a pas trouvé un seul Favus à l'examen de 11.729 personnes de couleur, et Catanei (1933), dans les oasis du Sud-Oranais, constatait que les négroïdes sont presque exclusivement atteints de Trichophytie et très rarement de Favus. Mais il est évident qu'il est encore beaucoup trop tôt pour être affirmatif sur l'iniluence de ce facteur racial.…”

Section: ° Le Favusunclassified