Synthetic Strategies in Molecular Imprinting

Ye, Lei

doi:10.1007/10_2015_313

Cited by 35 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…The high binding of MX2 CAF is indicative of the formation of higher concentration of T-fM complexes as a result of higher concentration of functional monomer incorporated in the polymer. The lower binding exhibited by MX10 CAF polymers is consistent with the published results of Yoshimatsu et al [ 24 ] which, they also attributed to the lower concentration of T-fM complexes formed during the imprinting process [ 16 , 24 , 57 , 58 , 59 ]. Figure 4 b also showed that MX2 THP incorporated the highest THP (177.3 ± 1.3 µmol/g) for this system, and incorporation of THP decreased by 3.9 times to 45.9 ± 0.1 µmol/g in MX10 THP polymers.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Effect of Formulation on the Binding Efficiency and Selectivity of Precipitation Molecularly Imprinted Polymers

Lim

Holdsworth

2018

Molecules

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This study investigated the effect of feed formulation: the template:functional monomer (T:fM) and functional monomer:crosslinker (fM:X) ratios as well as the initiator concentration, on the binding performance and selectivity of caffeine (CAF) and theophylline (THP) imprinted polymers obtained by precipitation polymerisation in acetonitrile at 60 °C using methacrylic acid (MAA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as functional monomer and crosslinker, respectively. Template incorporation, monitored by quantitative 1H-NMR spectroscopy, ranged from 8 to 77% and was found to be more favourable at both high and low T:fM ratios, low fM:X ratio and high initiator concentration. The resulting T:fM ratio in most MIPs were found to be lower than their feed ratios. Incorporation of THP into the polymers was observed to be consistently higher than CAF and, for most MIPs, the observed binding capacities represent less than 10% of the incorporated template. Improved imprinting factors were obtained from molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) with high crosslinker content, i.e., fM:X ratio of 1:10, and high initiator concentration, i.e., initiator:total monomer (I:tM) ratio of 1:5, while T:fM ratio (1:2 to 1:8) was found not to influence binding capacities and imprinting factors (IF). The NIPs showed no preference for either CAF or THP in competitive selectivity studies while MIPs were observed to bind preferentially to their template with THP displaying higher selectivity (72–94%) than CAF (63–84%). Template selectivity was observed to increase with increasing initiator concentration, with MIPs from I:tM ratio of 1:5 shown to be the most selective towards CAF (84%) and THP (93%). The fM:X ratio only showed minimal effect on MIP selectivity. Overall, for the MIP systems under study, template incorporation, binding capacity, imprinting factor and selectivity are enhanced at a faster rate of polymerisation using an I:tM ratio of 1:5. Polymer particles obtained were between 66 to 140 nm, with MIPs generally smaller than their NIP counterparts, and have been observed to decrease with increasing T:fM and fM:X ratios and increase with increasing initiator concentration.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Effect of Formulation on the Binding Efficiency and Selectivity of Precipitation Molecularly Imprinted Polymers

Lim

Holdsworth

2018

Molecules

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“…Moreover, to verify the binding site selectivity the imprinting factor “ IF ” was calculated. The IF factor is best defined as the ratio of the distribution ratio for the analyte on the MIPs to the distribution ratio for the same analyte on the NIPs 43 . It can be calculated using the following equation: …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Capacitive sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymers for detection of the insecticide imidacloprid in water

El-Akaad

Mohamed

Abdelwahab

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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this manuscript reports on the development of a capacitive sensor for the detection of imidacloprid (IMD) in water samples based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). MIPs used as recognition elements were synthesized via a photo-initiated emulsion polymerization. The particles were carefully washed using a methanol (MeOH) /acetic acid mixture to ensure complete template removal and were then dried. The average size of the obtained particles was less than 1 µm. The imprinting factor (IF) for IMD was 6 and the selectivity factor (α) for acetamiprid, clothianidin, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam were 14.8, 6.8, 7.1 and 8.2, respectively. The particles were immobilized on the surface of a gold electrode by electropolymerization. The immobilized electrode could be spontaneously regenerated using a mixture of MeOH/10 mM of phosphate buffer (pH = 7.2)/triethylamine before each measurement and could be reused for 32 times. This is the first-time that automated regeneration was introduced as part of a sensing platform for IMD detection. The developed sensor was validated by the analysis of artificially spiked water samples. Under the optimal conditions, the linearity was in the range of 5-100 µM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 4.61 µM. Nowadays, neonicotinoids (neonics) are the most important class of pesticides in the global market. Their "success" story started in 1991 by introducing imidacloprid (IMD) on the market. Since then, for many years IMD has become the world's largest selling pesticide with the registered uses for over 140 crops in 120 countries 1,2. It is extensively used at a large scale with applications ranging from plant protection, veterinary products, and seed coating. As a result of its extensive usage, IMD can be found as a pollutant in all environmental compartments (soil, water and air) 3. Neonics act by binding to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in their target invertebrates. They mimic the action of neurotransmitters, leading to the continuous stimulation of neurons. In doing so, they could cause the death of their target invertebrates 3. Neonics are highly water soluble, persistent in water, soil, minimally degraded by light and not volatile, which make them easily transported from an area of application to different environmental compartments 4. In addition to that, it was found that like other pesticides they have a negative impact on non-target organisms. IMD and other members of the first generation are highly toxic to bees 5,6. These chemical properties in addition to their negative environmental impacts have raised EU concern 7. Pesticides in general could easily contaminate supplies of drinking water via surface or ground water systems. Depending on the quantity and toxicity level of a pesticide together with the frequency of exposure to the contaminated drinking water, pesticides in water could negatively affect human health and environment. It was found that neonics could have lethal and sublethal effects on many aquatic invertebrates. The acute and chronic neonics t...

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“…RAFT polymerization involves reversible addition-fragmentation sequences initiated by a FRP initiator and chain propagation is achieved with the help of a chain transfer agent. It can be used with a variety of functional groups and is suitable for non-covalent imprinting purposes [ 43 , 44 ].…”

Section: Polymerization Techniques For Mip Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Extracting Media for the Chromatographic Determination of Antibiotics in Milk

Bitas

Samanidou

2018

Molecules

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Milk-producing animals are typically kept stationary in overcrowded large-scale farms and in most cases under unsanitary conditions, which promotes the development of infections. In order to maintain sufficient health status among the herd or promote growth and increase production, farmers administer preventative antibiotic doses to the animals through their feed. However, many antibiotics used in cattle farms are intended for the treatment of bacterial infections in humans. This results in the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria which pose a great risk for public health. Additionally, antibiotic residues are found in milk and dairy products, with potential toxic effects for the consumers. Hence the need of antibiotic residues monitoring in milk arises. Analytical methods were developed for the determination of antibiotics in milk, with key priority given to the analyte extraction and preconcentration step. Extraction can benefit from the production of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) that can be applied as sorbents for the extraction of specific antibiotics. This review focuses on the principals of molecular imprinting technology and synthesis methods of MIPs, as well as the application of MIPs and MIPs composites for the chromatographic determination of various antibiotic categories in milk found in the recent literature.

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Synthetic Strategies in Molecular Imprinting

Cited by 35 publications

References 73 publications

Effect of Formulation on the Binding Efficiency and Selectivity of Precipitation Molecularly Imprinted Polymers

Effect of Formulation on the Binding Efficiency and Selectivity of Precipitation Molecularly Imprinted Polymers

Capacitive sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymers for detection of the insecticide imidacloprid in water

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Extracting Media for the Chromatographic Determination of Antibiotics in Milk

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