Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Extracting Media for the Chromatographic Determination of Antibiotics in Milk

Abstract

Milk-producing animals are typically kept stationary in overcrowded large-scale farms and in most cases under unsanitary conditions, which promotes the development of infections. In order to maintain sufficient health status among the herd or promote growth and increase production, farmers administer preventative antibiotic doses to the animals through their feed. However, many antibiotics used in cattle farms are intended for the treatment of bacterial infections in humans. This results in the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria which pose a great risk for public health. Additionally, antibiotic residues are found in milk and dairy products, with potential toxic effects for the consumers. Hence the need of antibiotic residues monitoring in milk arises. Analytical methods were developed for the determination of antibiotics in milk, with key priority given to the analyte extraction and preconcentration step. Extraction can benefit from the production of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) that can be applied as sorbents for the extraction of specific antibiotics. This review focuses on the principals of molecular imprinting technology and synthesis methods of MIPs, as well as the application of MIPs and MIPs composites for the chromatographic determination of various antibiotic categories in milk found in the recent literature.

Recent Advances in the Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Environmental Samples

“…Molecular recognition is attributed to a combination of shape and size and hydrogen bonding, as well as electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. MIPs are stable at a wide pH and temperature ranges and in most organic solvents, while there is normally no requirement for special storage conditions [98,99].…”

Bioanalytical HPLC Applications of In-Tube Solid Phase Microextraction: A Two-Decade Overview

“…Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) are synthetic polymeric materials that consist of imprinted sites complementary to a specific molecule. MIPs exhibit high affinity towards analytes with analogous molecular structure, resulting in high extraction selectivity [91]. Molecular recognition is attributed to a combination of size and shape, and hydrogen bonding, electrostatic, and hydrophobic interactions [27].…”

“…However, even after many washing steps, the template bleeding problem may still exist. To overcome this drawback, MIPs can be synthesized from templates that are analogues of the target molecules [91]. Compared to the immunosorbents, the synthesis of MIPs requires less time and its cost is lower [92].…”

Applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks in Food Sample Preparation

“…MOF materials have been used as absorbents for the extraction of different kind of analytes such as sulfonamides, penicillins, tetracyclines, etc. The wide sulfonamide class of antibacterial compounds has been widely examined due to their excessive use in veterinary practice [ 29 , 30 ]. In 2017 Jia et al, synthesized a novel hybrid MOF/graphene oxide (GO) material for the dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (d-μSPE) prior to the determination of trace sulfonamides in milk with ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS).…”