Synthetic and Bone tissue engineering graft substitutes: What is the future?

Abstract

The management of large segmental bone defects caused by trauma or disease remains clinically challenging within orthopaedics. The major impediment to bone healing with current treatment options is insufficient vascularization and incorporation of graft material. Lack of rapid adequate vascularization leads to cellular necrosis within the inner regions of the implanted material and a failure of bone regeneration. Current treatment options for critical size bone defects include the continued "gold standard" autograft, allograft, synthetic bone graft substitutes, vascularized fibular graft, induced membrane technique, and distraction osteogenesis. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) remains an exciting prospect for the treatment of large segmental bone defects; however, current clinical integration of engineered scaffolds remains low. We believe that the barrier to clinical application of bone tissue engineering constructs lies in the lack of concomitant vascularization of these scaffolds. This mini-review outlines the progress made and the significant limitations remaining in successful clinical incorporation of engineered synthetic bone substitutes for segmental defects.

Biohybrid Bovine Bone Matrix for Controlled Release of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell Lyosecretome: A Device for Bone Regeneration

“…Therefore, new bone reconstruction solutions are needed, and several bone substitutes of biological and synthetic origins are available [6]. Synthetic materials, such as hydroxyapatite (HA), bioactive glasses, and β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP), are primarily proposed as they are similar to the bone mineral matrix [7], even if they do not have the same biological and mechanical properties compared with bone. In this regard, 3D printing applied to such materials has recently been proposed as an innovative technique for personalized bone substitute therapy, promoting translation to clinical practice [8,9].…”

Materials science and design principles of therapeutic materials in orthopedic and bone tissue engineering

“…While looking for orthopedic scaffolds, a promis- that would not usually heal, as a matrix of de-mineralized bone. 44,45 However, scaffolds that are selected by considering these characteristics using expert skills may have potential to be recruited as conven- The rhBMP-2 is the most common biochemical, orthopedic signal that has potential osteogenic developments. The United States government has now approved drug targets, which contain rhBMP-2 for particular uses regulated by the administration of food and medications (FDA) authorities.…”

“…Some effects of scaffolding on conventionally present cells might be more essential during the selection of materials. Scaffolds can be osteoconductive (i.e., allowing bone formation) or osteoinductive that may actively promote bone growth that would not usually heal, as a matrix of de‐mineralized bone 44,45 . However, scaffolds that are selected by considering these characteristics using expert skills may have potential to be recruited as conventional stem cells and they have potential to function into the fully developed tissues of selection, the implication of a‐cellular scaffolds can be used as standardized tissues‐engineering substances in orthopedics 46,47 .…”

“…tional stem cells and they have potential to function into the fully developed tissues of selection, the implication of a-cellular scaffolds can be used as standardized tissues-engineering substances in orthopedics 46,47. Furthermore, depending on the expected use, scaffolding involves the concentration gradient-based isotropic characteristics, that is, practical repairmen of cartilage-based osteochondral defects and ligament/tendons-to-bone insertions 45,[48][49][50]. 8 | THE SIGNALSThe basic infrastructure of tissues-engineering, and signals are externally or internally originated from various environmental factors that may affect tissue regeneration.…”

Magnetic Superporous Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) Hydrogel Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

“…The possibility to deform the implant in a noninvasive way will also allow controlled perfusion of the cultivation medium under in vitro conditions. This is an important issue since the nutrition of cell components is a crucial problem often resulting in failure of the scaffold colonization by the cells [ 27 ]. Consequently, knowledge of the mechanical properties of hydrogels is significant in terms of maintaining their structural integrity during handing in tissue engineering applications.…”