Synthesis, Surface Activity, Thermodynamic Parameters, and Performance Evaluation of Branched Carboxylate Gemini Surfactants

Abstract

Three novel carboxylate gemini surfactants (3CntaDA, n = 8, 10, and 12) were synthesized by two simple steps, and their structures were characterized using FT‐IR and 1H NMR. The surface activities of these surfactants were obtained from surface tension measurements at different temperatures, and the surface parameters containing the critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension (γ), minimum surface area per molecule ( Amin), and maximum surface excess concentration ( Γmax) were obtained from surface tension measurements. The experimental results show that 3CntaDA surfactants have higher surface activities compared with the corresponding conventional surfactants. The thermodynamic parameters of the micellization process were investigated, and the calculated results show that it was an exothermic and spontaneous process. The emulsification and foam performance of these surfactants were also evaluated at different concentrations at 298.15 K.

An Insight View on Synthetic Protocol, Surface Activity, and Biological Aspects of Novel Biocompatible Quaternary Ammonium Cationic Gemini Surfactants

“…The explanation behind this trend can be credited to the higher hydrophobicity of C 16 -E2O2-C 16 because more hydrophobic gemini surfactants form more viscous solutions. It can be demonstrated that the synthesized cationic gemini surfactants have better emulsifying efficiency than previously synthesized gemini surfactants (Gawali and Usmani, 2020;Xie et al, 2019).…”

Study on the Synthesis, Surface Activity, and Self-Assembly Behavior of Anionic Non-Ionic Gemini Surfactants

“…The foam rupture is mainly because the liquid film separating the gas becomes thinner from the thick, so the stability of the foam is related to the strength of the formed gas-liquid film. In general, the stronger the hydrophobic effect of surfactant molecules, the more tightly they are adsorbed on the liquid membrane, and the better the stability of foam is [44,54]. As shown in the figure, the foaming concentration of CnEO-5 gradually increases with increasing concentration, and when it reaches the critical micelle concentration, it no longer significantly increases.…”

“…Generally speaking, the ratio of fluorescence intensity (I1/I3) is highly sensitive to the polar environment in which pyrene molecules (py) are located [4,44]. Therefore, the self-assembly behavior of CnEO-5 molecules in aqueous solutions can be studied by steadystate fluorescence probe method.…”

Research Progress on the Synthesis of Different Types of Gemini Surfactants with a Functionalized Hydrophobic Moiety and Spacer

“…ΔS mic (kJ mol À 1 K À 1 ) SDDO 0.605 [78] 1.930 [79] 0.352 [79] 0.311 [79] 25 25 [80] 0.250 [80] 0.235 [80] 25 25 [81] 0.562 [81] [82] 25 Tensiometry -----À 43.26 -13.13 0.090 3 C 10 -DS 0.410 [83] 25 Tensiometry 27.60 -2.53 1.66 1.01 ----18-3-18 16-3-16 14-3-14 0.438 [84] 0.466 [84] 0.499 [84] 25. ChemistrySelect amine diacetate.…”

“…Carboxylate-based anionic geminis, viz., sodium salt of diethylenetriamine-N,N',N''-trialkyl-N,N'-dicarboxyl acid (3C n taDA) was synthesized [79] as shown in Scheme 17. Authors first synthesized sodium salts of diethylenetriamine-N,N'-dicarboxyl acid, intermediate product, by reacting diethylenetri-Scheme 15.…”