An Insight View on Synthetic Protocol, Surface Activity, and Biological Aspects of Novel Biocompatible Quaternary Ammonium Cationic Gemini Surfactants

Abstract

In this study, we prepared a novel series of diester-functionalized cationic gemini surfactants (C m-E2O2-C m) containing ethylene oxide as a spacer with varying alkyl chain lengths and characterized by 1 H NMR, FT-IR, elemental analysis, and ESI-MS. The physicochemical properties of the geminis were explored by tensiometry, fluorescence, dye solubilization, and Krafft point. These geminis acquire superior surface activity than the conventional surfactants. Fluorescence spectroscopy analysis affirmed that the micropolarity and aggregation number of micelles diminished with increase in the alkyl chain length. These geminis represent a new group of amphiphiles of considerably high biodegradability, better cleavability, and low toxicity as assessed by BOD test, FT-IR analysis, and HC 50 analysis, respectively. They also showed significant level of antimicrobial activity toward some specified bacterial strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative by using agar well diffusion method. Furthermore, the thermogravimetric analysis provided information regarding thermal stabilities of the newly synthesized gemini surfactants. Keywords C m-E2O2-C m gemini surfactants Á Physicochemical properties Á Antimicrobial activities Á TGA

Molecular engineering of complexation between RNA and biodegradable cationic gemini surfactants: role of the hydrophobic chain length

“…The surface free energy ( G min ) was also calculated by employing eqn (6): 23 G min = γ CMC × A min × N A The values of G min are lower in the presence of RNA (Table 1), indicating the increased stability of the surface. Furthermore, their observed order (RNA + C 16 -E2O-C 16 > RNA + C 14 -E2O-C 14 > RNA + C 12 -E2O-C 12 ) shows that the intermolecular hydrophobic interactions of RNA and the surfactants are notably preferred, conceivably due to RNA unfolding and surfactant–RNA complexation, consequently ensuing in the adsorption at the interface before the formation of micelles in the bulk phase.…”

“…, ester, oxy-ethylene, methylene, etc. 23–26 These surfactants are currently gaining prominence as reasonable solubilizers for different organic hydrophobic molecules. Gemini surfactants are better than traditional ones due to their lower CMC and Krafft temperature, better foaming, and lower cytotoxicity, amongst other properties.…”

“…Dimeric or gemini surfactants are a specific type of surfactants as they have two amphiphilic fractions attached at or close to the head groups through different spacers, e.g., ester, oxy-ethylene, methylene, etc. [23][24][25][26] These surfactants are currently gaining prominence as reasonable solubilizers for different organic hydrophobic molecules. Gemini surfactants are better than traditional ones due to their lower CMC and Krafft temperature, better foaming, and lower cytotoxicity, amongst other properties.…”

Experimental and Computational Characterization of the Molecular Interaction between Bovine Serum Albumin and an Ester‐functionalized Cationic Gemini Surfactant

“…The cationic gemini surfactant C 12 −E2O2−C 12 ( N 1 , N 1 , N 14 , N 14 ‐tetramethyl‐2,13‐dioxo‐ N 1 , N 14 ‐didodecyl‐3,6,12‐tetraoxatetradecane‐1,14‐diaminium dichloride, C 38 H 78 N 2 O 6 2+ .2Cl − ) was synthesized, purified and characterized according to the literature [22] (see Scheme 1).…”

Cationic Imidazolium Amphiphiles Bearing a Methoxyphenyl Fragment: Synthesis, Self-Assembly Behavior, and Antimicrobial Activity

“…In the homologous series, antimicrobial activity gradually increases to its maximum value with the lengthening of the alkyl chain and then decreases. Generally, the most effective antimicrobial agents are cationic amphiphiles with dodecyl and tetradecyl tails. − …”