Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles elaborated by microemulsion method

Facile Green Synthetic Route to the Zinc Oxide (ZnONPs) Nanoparticles: Effect on Green Peach Aphid and Antibacterial Activity

“…These application led many researchers to develop different routes to synthesis zinc oxide nanoparticles such as chemical route (Singh & Gopal, 2008;Abbasi et al, 2017), hydrothermal route (Ipeksac et al, 2013;Peng et al, 2016), sol-gel template process (Kumari et al, 2010;El Ghoul et al, 2012), photoluminescence emission technique (Rocha et al, 2014), microwave-assisted hydrothermal and decomposition (Tseng et al, 2012;Mousa et al, 2013), aerosol process (Ozcelik & Ergun, 2014), sonochemical synthesis (Zak et al, 2013), laser ablation (Thareja & Shukla, 2007), microemulsion method (Yıldırım & Durucan, 2010), precipitation method , hydrolyzed in polar organic solvents (Ehlert et al, 2014), solid-state thermal decomposition (Soofivand et al, 2013), microwave synthesis (Sutradhar et al, 2016). These routes have many disadvantages due to difficulty of scale up the synthesis process, separation and purification of nanoparticles from surfactants, co-surfactants, organic solvents, high energy consumption, and toxic by-products.…”

In situ growth of ZnO nanoparticles in precursor-insensitive water-in-oil microemulsion as soft nanoreactors

“…Due to the microemulsion destabilization, the maximum Zn precursor:precipitating agent molar ratio studied before was 1:2 or 1:4 for NaOH and NH4OH, respectively [1][2][3][4]. For example, it was found that the microemulsion destabilized upon using NaOH at 0.525 M [1], whereas in this study, a value of 0.8 M was tested with no obvious destabilization.…”

“…At high pH, ZnO carries negative charges, and hence, the cationic surfactant will preferentially adsorb on the nanoparticles and present constrain on the growth direction and hence on the shape. Such constrain is absent when anionic or non-ionic surfactants are used [1][2][3][4]. It is worth mentioning here that beside the phase behavior change (minimum droplet interaction and lower precursor sensitivity), the presence of small amount of non-ionic surfactants (10 mol%) with the majority of cationic surfactants (90 mol%) is expected to lower the polarity of the surfactant films, and hence, a slightly milder interaction with the ions is expected.…”

“…This change of shape as a function of [NaOH] is attributed to OH− ion concentration which contributes to the nucleation process [18]. The relatively larger nanoparticles when compared with those prepared in other microemulsion systems [1][2][3][4] means that the growth is more dominant than the nucleation process. The interaction of the reactants (Zn+2 and OH−) with the positive interfacial quaternary ammonium groups and Br− counter ions could result in such larger sizes.…”

“…Although it has been demonstrated that water-in-oil microemulsion (W/O μ) method is an efficient medium for the preparation of monodispersed functional oxide nanoparticles (NPs), only few studies employed such medium for the synthesis of ZnO NPs, all of which were using anionic or nonionic surfactants [1][2][3][4]. Due to the microemulsion destabilization, the maximum Zn precursor:precipitating agent molar ratio studied before was 1:2 or 1:4 for NaOH and NH4OH, respectively [1][2][3][4].…”