Synthesis of Vitamin E

Hydrogenation in the Vitamins and Fine Chemicals Industry – An Overview

“…This fat-soluble vitamin is produced on a scale of >30'000 tonnes per year (mostly in form of its acetate derivative 4) for applications in human and animal nutrition. One of the key building blocks for the chemical production of synthetic vitamin E is trimethylhydroquinone (TMHQ, 1), which is converted into (all-rac)-α-tocopherol (3) by condensation with (all-rac)-isophytol (2, Scheme 1) [14][15][16]. The synthesis of isophytol can be carried out starting from acetone (5) and building up the isoprenoic side chain by a sequence of C2 and C3 elongations (via 8 and 10, Scheme 2).…”

“…The naturally occurring fat soluble antioxidant (2R,4'R,8'R)-α-tocopherol (53, Scheme 17) is not available in sufficient amounts from natural source starting material. In the course of the considerable efforts towards an economic total synthesis of 53 during the last decades [16], exceptionally efficient new asymmetric hydrogenation processes were developed for the introduction of chirality to the aliphatic tocopherol side chain. The homogeneous asymmetric hydrogenation of allylic alcohols catalyzed by ruthenium complexes could be performed on pilot scale with substrate-to-catalyst ratios of up to 150'000 (Scheme 17).…”

Topical Binahong (Anredera cordifolia) Leaf Extract Increases Interleukin-6 and VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) during Burn Wound Healing in Wistar Rats Infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa

“…Phytol, contained in the extract of Anredera cordifolia leaf, is a precursor of vitamin E and vitamin K, which are important for body hemostatic in the first phase of wound healing and to promote this phase. Phytol also has a role in wound contraction and promotes epithelialization [10,11]. In this research, macroscopic analysis of wound healing found shorter and faster inflammatory phase in the treatment group.…”

Human Anticancers and Antidiabetic Activities of the Cyanobacterium Fischerella sp. BS1-EG Isolated from River Nile, Egypt

“…Meanwhile, phytol was detected in Fischerella BS1-EG extract (8.02%) and was reported to be used as a precursor for the manufacture of synthetic forms of vitamin E (Netscher, 2007) and Vitamin K (Daines et al, 2003). Recently, phytol was found to act as anti-inflammatory anti-cancer (Tyagi and Agarwal, 2017) and improve immunological response against tumor in a very beginning stage of carcinogenesis (Singh et al, 2017).…”