Synthesis of superlow-friction carbon films from highly hydrogenated methane plasmas

Erdemir, Ali; Eryilmaz, O. L.; Nilufer, I.B.; Fenske, G.R.

doi:10.1016/s0257-8972(00)00968-3

Cited by 182 publications

(135 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Extensive tests in our laboratory have confirmed that new carbon films developed in our laboratory can provide friction coefficients of 0.001-0.005 (this is the main reason for calling it near-frictionless carbon, or NFC) when measured in dry nitrogen [9,10]. When tested in moist air, the friction coefficient increases but is still considered very low, i.e., 0.02 to 0.06.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Superlow-Friction Carbon Films for Fuel System Components Operating in Low-Sulfur Diesel Fuels

Erdemir¹,

Kavich²,

Woodford³

et al. 2001

SAE Technical Paper Series

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In this paper, we will demonstrate the effectiveness and usefulness of a new class of superlowfriction carbon films in alleviating the wear and scuffing problems associated with the use of low sulfur diesel fuels in fuel delivery systems of advanced diesel engines. Specifically, using a wellestablished diesel fuel lubricity test machine, we will show that with the use of very thin (1-micrometer-thick), superlubricious carbon films one can restore lubricity, virtually eliminate scuffing and potential wear failures that can occur in low-sulfur, super-clean, and zero sulfur (Fischer Tropsch) diesel fuels. Test results of our study raise the prospect for using such carbon coatings to solve problems associated with the use of low-sulfur diesel fuels and high injection pressures in future engines.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Superlow-Friction Carbon Films for Fuel System Components Operating in Low-Sulfur Diesel Fuels

Erdemir¹,

Kavich²,

Woodford³

et al. 2001

SAE Technical Paper Series

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“…The value for the sample with higher roughness was difficult to measure. [29,30] because hydrogen can saturate dangling bonds on the surface which would otherwise cause adhesion and thus friction [5]. The hydrogen content of the sample with the lowest friction value (curve e in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DLC films can provide several attractive properties such as high hardness, good wear and electrical properties, chemical inertness and biocompatibility [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. The structure and, hence, the properties of the films depend on the preparation technique and the specific preparation conditions, however.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of Diamond-like Carbon Films by Plasma Source Ion Implantation with External Glow Discharge

Hatada

Baba

Flege

et al. 2012

Trans. Mat. Res. Soc. Japan

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High hardness diamond-like carbon (DLC) films with good adhesion can be prepared by plasma source ion implantation in combination with radio frequency glow discharge plasma. Acetylene gas was used as the source gas to deposit the DLC films. Either pulses of -18 kV with a repetition rate of 1 kHz or DC voltages from -0.5 to -3 kV were applied to the substrate holder. A radio frequency (RF) of 13.56 MHz was applied to a counter electrode to generate a glow discharge plasma. The films were deposited on austenitic type stainless steel SUS304 as well as silicon wafers and characterized regarding thickness and surface morphology by cross-sectional SEM and by AFM, respectively. The chemical structure was investigated by Raman spectroscopy. The hardness of the films was evaluated by an indentation method. Furthermore, a ball-on-disc test was employed to obtain information about the frictional properties and sliding wear resistance of the films. The deposition rates of the films were enhanced by the RF discharge. The I D /I G value varied, depending on the deposition condition, in the range of 0.49 to 2.0. The hardness of the DLC films was around 19 GPa for the film deposited without RF and up to 26 GPa for the films deposited with RF discharge. A low friction coefficient was derived for all films prepared in this study, with lowest values of 0.04.

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“…36,37 The effect of applying the ion-beam DLCs to hard zirconia substrates was also investigated by Erdemir et al 38 The influences of humidity and temperature were reported later by Liu et al 39 Modern NFC films, made from hydrogen-enriched plasmas, were investigated by Erdemir et al, who found friction coefficients as low as 0.003. 40 Heimberg et al reported on the time and speed effects involved in this superlow friction coefficient. 41 They found that friction changes in NFCs could be explained by gas adsorption kinetics.…”

Section: Basic Research and Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Near-frictionless carbon coatings for spark-ignited direct-injected fuel systems. Final report, January 2002.

Hershberger¹,

Öztürk²,

Ajayi³

et al. 2002

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis report describes an investigation by the Tribology Section of Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) into the use of near-frictionless carbon (NFC) coatings for spark-ignited, direct-injected (SIDI) engine fuel systems. Direct injection is being pursued in order to improve fuel efficiency and enhance control over, and flexibility of, spark-ignited engines. SIDI technology is being investigated by the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) as one route towards meeting both efficiency goals and more stringent emissions standards. Argonne's approach to these friction and wear issues was to investigate the applicability of NFC to fuel system parts. In collaboration with Delphi Automotive Systems and BP Amoco plc, Argonne carried out two tasks: optimize the deposition of NFC onto standard flats and balls as well as production fuel injectors, and perform both industry-standard lubricity tests and customized wear tests designed to simulate the engine environment. These tests were performed with several gasolines and other fuels, and the NFC performance was compared to that of uncoated parts and other commercially available coatings, all applied to production fuel injectors. Finally, to understand the wear mechanisms, Argonne applied advanced characterization techniques to the worn and unworn coatings, the steel against which they wore, and the wear debris. The industry-standard lubricity tests included the Falex ball-on-three-disc (BOTD) test, while the customized wear testing was performed in a sealed reciprocating system designed to perform fretting wear tests. Long-duration reciprocating tests were performed with a ii total sliding distance of 2 km in order to determine the steady-state performance of the NFC coatings. The worn surfaces were examined by 3D optical profilometry to determine wear rates.The advanced characterization methods applied included Raman spectroscopy and laser scanning measurement of residual stresses in the NFC coatings.In the customized reciprocating tests, comparisons between two varieties of NFC and three commercially available diamondlike carbon (DLC) coatings showed that the NFCs gave consistently high performance and were generally the best choice for reducing friction and wear, although one of the commercial DLCs achieved performance comparable to the NFCs in several individual tests. The other commercial DLCs displayed poor performance under certain conditions. In dry or ethanol-lubricated wear, NFC6 performed the best; when subjected to E85 or M85 fuel, the commercial DLC gave the best results; and NFC2 displayed the lowest friction and wear rate of the three in regular gasoline, the most relevant condition for fuel injector applications. NFC2 reduced friction in all the liquids tested, compared to tests of uncoated materials in the same fluids; NFC6 did also but not to as great an extent.The long-duration tests designed to determine the ultimate wear lifetime of the NFC coatings on injectors in current-and next-generation gasolines showed that NFC6 pro...

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Synthesis of superlow-friction carbon films from highly hydrogenated methane plasmas

Cited by 182 publications

References 34 publications

Superlow-Friction Carbon Films for Fuel System Components Operating in Low-Sulfur Diesel Fuels

Superlow-Friction Carbon Films for Fuel System Components Operating in Low-Sulfur Diesel Fuels

Preparation of Diamond-like Carbon Films by Plasma Source Ion Implantation with External Glow Discharge

Near-frictionless carbon coatings for spark-ignited direct-injected fuel systems. Final report, January 2002.

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