Synthesis of styrene based liquid-filled polymeric nanocapsules by the use of RAFT-mediated polymerization in miniemulsion

Living Radical Polymerization by the RAFT Process—A First Update

“…[135] [61] S/VBSC [62] 8* AN [63] (DBI) [64] DMAEMA [65] 9* (DBI) [64] DMAEMA [68] GMA [68] HPMAM/NMS [66] MMA [67] HEMA [68] (MA) [69] MMA [46,70,71] NIPAM [72] PFMA [73] (S) [44,74] S [75] S [76] S/AN [68] S/MAH [68] S S CN S S CN…”

“…Most experiments [70,99,100,121] involve collecting 38* (DBI) [64] S [76] 39* MA [96] (NVP) [97] S [96] (S) [98] 40* MA [99] BA [100] DA [101] S S O OH S S R S S 41* NIPAM [102] 42* [72] MA [87] XA [72] 43a* R = CH 3 S [74] 43b R = C 2 H 5 MA [87] …”

“…A large number of recent studies relate RAFT polymerization in heterogeneous media (emulsion, [67,74,81,98,117,122,139,[161][162][163][164][165][166] miniemulsion, [10,76,[167][168][169][170][171][172][173][174][175] or suspension [176] ). The area has been reviewed by McCleary and Klumperman [11] and Save et al [177] 'Surfactant free' emulsion polymerization making use of a hydrophilic macroRAFT agent (typically based on PAA oligomer formed with RAFT agent 67) [117,161,163,164] has been used for BA [117] and styrene.…”

“…[74] The preparation of liquid-filled (isooctane core) polystyrene nanocapsules by RAFT miniemulsion polymerization has been reported. [76] Although good control over polymerization was obtained with both cumyl dithiobenzoate 9 and dithiophenylacetate 38, significant retardation was observed with the dithiobenzoate RAFT agent and it was proposed this prevented development of the desired core-shell morphology.…”

‘All‐supramolecular’ Nanocapsules from Low‐Molecular Weight Ureas Through Interfacial Addition Reaction in Miniemulsion

“…[1] Different strategies [2][3][4][5] have been described in the literature, one of them consisting in the use of the miniemulsion process [6][7][8] which is particularly well-suited to prepare nanocapsules: the colloidal stability of the emulsion ensures a perfect copy from the droplets to the final object, and its versatility makes it possible to prepare nanocapsules with hydrophilic or hydrophobic core through different techniques (radical [6] or ionic [7] polymerization, polyaddition [8] ). To prepare nanocapsules by interfacial polyaddition in a classical oil-in-water miniemulsion, droplets of a difunctional hydrophobic monomer A (firstly solubilized in a given liquid oil in which some costabilizer was added to increase the osmotic pressure and thus provide stability against Ostwald ripening) are first dispersed in water, under high shear and using a suitable stabilizing surfactant.…”