Synthesis of Stacked Graphene-Sn Composite as a High-Performance Anode for Lithium-Ion Capacitors

Abstract

A Lithium-ion capacitor (LIC) is composed of an electrochemical capacitor-like cathode and battery-like anode which store charge based on non-faradaic and faradaic processes, respectively. As an anode material for LIC, graphite is widely used because of its physical and electrochemical advantages. In the LIC system, stable cyclability at the high rate conditions is essential for bridging the gap between lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors. However, there have been reported that the low working potential of graphite (close to 0.05 V vs Li/Li+) causes Li plating on the graphite surface and non-unity coulombic efficiency at high current charge/discharge results in degradation of cycle performance. To overcome this issue, stacked reduced graphene oxide-tin (SrGO-Sn) composite by co-reduction of graphene oxide and Sn2+ are studied in this work. The LIC consisting of SrGO-Sn anode shows good long-term cyclability with a remarkable capacity retention of 85, 77, and 60% at 10,000, 50,000, and 100,000th cycle and coulombic efficiency of 98% after 120,000 cycles. We believe that this study presents a new approach to the design of the high-performance LIC using an alternative to conventional graphite-based anode materials.

A Comprehensive Review of Graphene-Based Anode Materials for Lithium-ion Capacitors

“…Graphene modified metallic Sn and SnO 2 composites are also emerging as advanced anode for LICs. Stacked reduced graphene oxide-tin (SrGO-Sn) composite was prepared by Ahn et al [135] via co-reduction of graphene oxide and Sn 2+ . However, the obtained SrGO-Sn showed unsatisfactory capacity due to the restack structure of graphene and the incomplete encapsulation and uneven distribution of Sn particles, which thus results in relatively low energy density.…”

AlCl3-graphite intercalation compounds as negative electrode materials for lithium-ion capacitors

“…The above two behaviors correspond to the theoretical nature of hybrid capacitors. 7,8 Rate performance tests were conducted at 0.1-20 A (g-AC) À1 , and the measured discharge capacities are shown in Fig. 7b.…”

“…LICs can be considered as capacitorbattery hybrid cells where a capacitive material is used as the positive electrode and a battery-type material is utilized as the negative electrode. [6][7][8] LICs are expected to be applied in applications where the combination of high energy densities and long cycle life is required. Typical LIC negative electrode materials are carbon-based materials such as graphite, 8-10 hard carbon, [11][12][13] and carbon nanotubes.…”

“…However, graphite negative electrodes suffer from limited rate capability, owing to the sluggish solid phase diffusion of Li + ions, and a low Li + ion capacity. 7,9 Metal-chloride graphite intercalation compounds (MCl x -GICs) such as FeCl 3 -GICs, which have been reported as LIB negative electrodes, [21][22][23] are attractive alternatives to graphite. FeCl 3 -GICs have a structure consisting of graphite as the host material and FeCl 3 as the guest material.…”

Graphene-Based Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Capacitors: A Review

“…Unlike the cathodes limited to porous carbonaceous materials, a variety of materials are available to be chosen for the anodes [ 46 , 52 , 53 ]. In general, anode materials can be divided into three categories based on the different lithium storage mechanisms: intercalation-type materials (e.g., carbonaceous materials, Ti-/Nb-based materials) [ 22 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ], conversion-type materials (e.g., metal oxide, phosphide or sulfide) [ 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 ] and alloying-type materials (e.g., Si-/Sn-based materials) [ 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 ]. Nevertheless, anode materials face the challenges of sluggish redox reaction (due to their poor conductivity and low lithium ion diffusion rate) and structural instability (due to the volume change during the charge/discharge process).…”