Synthesis of porosity controllable nanoporous silicon with a self-coated nickel layer for lithium-ion batteries

Progressive Damage Analysis for Spherical Electrode Particles with Different Protective Structures for a Lithium-Ion Battery

“…The hollow part of the structure accommodates the volumetric deformation of the electrode, while the shell protects the active electrode. Electrode materials can be also fabricated into electrodes with nanowires, nanotube, , thin nanofilms, and nano porous structures to improve the electrode stability. Silicon nanowires are taken as an example, the active material is manufactured into closely arranged equal-length cylindrical electrodes and fixed on the electrode current collector.…”

Scalable Synthesis of Porous Silicon by Acid Etching of Atomized Al–Si Alloy Powder for Lithium-Ion Batteries

“…The spread of battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles has intensified efforts in both academia and industry to increase the capacity and service life of next-generation LIBs. − Graphite-based anode materials have been commercialized because of their long life and high initial charge efficiency, but their low theoretical capacity (372 mAh g –1 ) is insufficient to meet the growing demand for an energy storage capacity . Silicon (Si) is considered the most promising active material for LIB anodes because of its high theoretical capacity (3579 mAh g –1 ) and a lower operating potential than that of lithium (∼0.3 V vs Li/Li + ), which allows it to alloy with lithium ions to form the Li 4.4 Si phase. − However, the large volume change of Si (about 300%) associated with the insertion and extraction of lithium ions causes electrode shattering and capacity degradation, which has raised great concern for the long-term stability and lifetime of Si anodes. − To address the volume change and improve the cycling stability, various types of Si nanostructures, such as nanoporous structures, − nanoparticles, , nanotubes, and nanowires have been investigated as anode materials.…”

“…In particular, porous Si has free space that can mitigate the volume change during Li insertion/desorption, so the electrode structure can be maintained during charge–discharge cycling to potentially extend the cycle life. − The key parameters for porous Si to mitigate expansion and contraction involve the pore structure such as the pore size, porosity, and skeletal shape. Increasing the fine pore dispersion and pore volume helps to suppress the expansion of Si during Li insertion.…”

“…A scalable method of fabricating Si-based materials with nanoporous structures is needed for industrial-scale application to high-capacity LIBs. The particle size, pore size, and pore volume can be tuned by using appropriate precursors and synthesis conditions, such as chemical etching, thermal reduction, and melting after ball milling or alloying with metals such as Bi and Mg. ,,,,− ,− ,,, However, such processes are complicated and require high-temperature conditions, which limit their scalability to synthesizing nanoporous Si in large quantities . The Al–Si dealloying method has a relatively low cost and simple synthesis, and it involves acid treatment of Al–Si alloy precursors to realize nanoporous Si. ,,− ,− ,− ,− , The porosity of the Si particles can be adjusted by varying the Al content in the Al–Si alloy precursor .…”

Boron-Doped Pine-Cone Carbon With 3D Interconnected Porosity for Use as an Anode for Potassium-Ion Batteries With Long Life Cycle

“…Energy storage systems (ESSs) are being extensively developed to improve grid stability in the form of mechanical, electrical, electrochemical, thermal, and chemical energy storage ( Holdren, 2007 ; Yang et al, 2011 ). Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are among the most notable ESSs due to their high energy density and long cycle life ( Guo et al, 2021 ; Hyun et al, 2021 ; Li et al, 2021 ). However, the large-scale application of LIBs in electric, hybrid vehicles and smart grids has put pressure on the limited supply of lithium resources.…”