Ceramic fibers are essential components of new high‐temperature‐resistant lightweight materials. The production routes of ceramic filament fibers are complex and in most cases polymeric components or structures are key factors for fiber spinning. Either organic polymers are used as additives in the spinning dopes for oxide ceramic fibers or inorganic polymers are the precursors for the production of non‐oxide fibers. This paper gives an up‐to‐date overview about different ceramic fibers and the chemistry behind the fiber development and production.