Synthesis of pharmaceutical drugs from cardanol derived from cashew nut shell liquid

Abstract

Cardanol from cashew nut shell liquid extracted from cashew nut shells was successfully converted into various useful pharmaceutical drugs, such as norfenefrine, rac-phenylephrine, etilefrine and fenoprofene.

Making natural products from renewable feedstocks: back to the roots?

“…Furthermore, the conception of bio-based starting materials has also reached other organic chemical elds like pharmaceutical and agrochemistry. The synthesis of the anti-ulcer drug ranitidine 574 and the insecticide prothrin from CMF (120) 575 as well as the synthesis of norfenefrine and fenoprofen from cashew nut shell liquid-derived cardanol 576 are pioneering examples of this development.…”

The Role of Chemists and Chemical Engineers in a Sustainable World

“…These studies are in their infancy,b ut new processes are beginningt ob edeveloped. Some oils such as castor oil (inedible), "tall oil" from paper manufacturing (a mixture of unsaturated C 18 carboxylica cids) [22] or cashew nut shell liquid (mildlyt oxic side product of cashew processing containing phenols bearing a C 15 chain in the 3-position), [23] are all availablea ta round 1million tpa and providei nteresting substrates for elaboration. Aw hole new world of reagentsa waits exploration.…”

Pharmaceutically relevant (hetero)cyclic compounds and natural products from lignin-derived monomers: Present and perspectives

“…Surprisingly, this approach has received much less attention ( Blondiaux et al., 2019 ; Elangovan et al., 2019 ; Natte et al., 2020 ), although straightforward pathways to gain medicinally relevant compounds from renewables would have several advantages. The construction of high-value products in addition to other product platforms would increase the profitability of biorefineries ( Lan and Luterbacher, 2019 ), and taking advantage of the inherent functionality of bio-based platform chemicals would lead to more efficient and sustainable synthesis strategies compared with the multi-step processes required from low-functionality petrochemicals ( Elangovan et al., 2019 ; Shi et al., 2019 ; Natte et al., 2020 ). The latter is a crucially important aspect for the pharmaceutical industry, where reduction of E-factors, limiting hazardous waste and extensive solvent use, and overall, the incorporation of the principles of green chemistry into manufacturing protocols is of prime importance ( Bryan et al., 2013 ; Peterson and Manley, 2015 ).…”

“…In addition, the highly oxygenated nature of renewable building blocks is a good basis for developing waste-free catalytic functionalization or cyclization strategies, for example, routes toward higher value primary or secondary amines ( Bariwal and Van Der Eycken, 2013 ; Corma et al., 2018 ; Irrgang and Kempe, 2020 ), as well as N -heterocycles ( Bhusal and Sperry, 2016 ), and/or O -heterocycles ( Lichtenthaler, 2002 ; Hülsey et al., 2018 ) omnipresent in medicinal chemistry. Undoubtedly, chemical catalysis will play a key role both in biomass depolymerization and shifting toward atom-economic and waste-free routes from the obtained platform chemicals to fine chemical building blocks ( Sun et al., 2018a ; Elangovan et al., 2019 ; Shi et al., 2019 ).…”