“…In addition, the prohibitive cost of the platinum catalysts as well as its limited supply in nature, has hindered the large-scale commercialization of PEMFCs [4]. Therefore, various types of non-precious ORR catalysts have been investigated to rival platinum, including transition metal chalcogenides [5,6], metal-N4 chelate macrocycles [7,8], conductive polymer-derived materials [9,10], nitrogen-doped graphene or carbon nanotubes [11,12], and carbon nitride [13,14]. Problems degrading these catalysts include insufficient activity and low stability [15].…”