“…While any amine-rich polymer, such as chitosan − and polyallylamine, can be considered as an effective component for copper-binding materials, branched polyethylenimine (PEI) possesses an exceptional copper-binding selectivity and capacity. , Although, as in all amines, the copper-binding capacity of PEI decreases with decreasing pH, it still remains significant down to pH ∼3 with exceptional selectivity for copper, in contrast to simple aliphatic amines, such as ethylenediamine, which hardly interacts with copper at pH ≤ 3. , The polymer itself remains stable even under very acidic conditions, allowing simple recovery of bound copper without use of any competing chelators. ,,, A number of highly efficient PEI-based composites have been developed for copper extraction from acidic solutions, including mining wastewaters. Just to name a few, PEI-modified montmorillonite, cross-linked PEI-diatomaceous earth particles, glutaraldehyde-PEI particulate resin, PEI-modified magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposites and graphene oxide/PEI sponges were all shown to repeatedly bind copper from acidic aqueous solutions, followed by full copper recovery via washing the copper-loaded materials at pH ∼1. However, the majority of PEI-based composites were designed and tested for application in aqueous solutions only, which restricts their use in harsh mixed media, such as aqueous slurries of comminuted ore or soils.…”