Synthesis of graphene/DPA composite for determination of nicotine in tobacco products

Abstract

In this contribution, the azo dye (E)-1-(4-((4-(phenylamino)phenyl)diazenyl) phenyl)ethanone (DPA) was combined with reduced graphene oxide (RGO) for the electrochemical modification of a pencil graphite electrode (RGO/DPA/PGE) surface. A series of electrochemical measurements were used for the characterization of the modified electrode surfaces. At the modified electrode, nicotine was irreversibly reduced. An obvious increase was observed in the reductive peak current of nicotine at the modified electrode, indicating the capability of the RGO/DPA composite to increase the electron transfer rate. The current was found proportional to the nicotine concentration in a range of 31 to 1900 μM, and the limit of detection (LOD) was calculated as 7.6 μM.

The influence of pH on electrochemical behavior of nicotine-clay based electrodes

“…5b. Nicotine reduction peak visible at potential of -1.35 V is in accordance with literature data [29,30]. Although the acid treatment causes changes in the surface charges and groups, the voltammograms of untreated and acid activated montmorillonite in 0.1 M HCl were not distinguishable (inset of Fig.…”

“…There are several ways that nicotine can be adsorbed on the clay. The investigation of nicotine adsorption on clay showed that nicotine can be absorbed through [30]: (i) donation of proton to nicotine by clay; (ii) interaction of lone electron pairs of nitrogen in nicotine with aluminum in clay acting as electron acceptor; (iii) interaction of weakly basic nicotine with weakly acidic hydroxyls; (iv) electrostatic interaction at certain pH values and (v) through hydrogen bond between nitrogen on nicotine and hydroxyl groups of clay.…”

An electrochemically exfoliated graphene/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanocomposite-based electrochemical sensor for the detection of nicotine

“…The calculated LOD was listed with the other reported electrochemical sensors for nicotine in Table S1 (ESI †). 1,4,17,18,74,[79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86] This new sensor showed a lower LOD, high selectivity and wide linear range of detection for nicotine due to the p-p interaction of the PEDOT/ GR with the nicotine. 87 In addition, the higher electro-active surface area of the PEDOT/GR may have provided a 3D porous network with more active sites towards favorable nicotine oxidation.…”

Fabrication of bismuth oxide-modified pencil graphite sensors for monitoring the hazardous herbicide diuron

“…The surface area of the developed sensor was estimated by cyclic voltammetry via a reversible redox reaction of a potassium ferricyanide probe, (K 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ]) (Fig. 2c) (prepared in 1 M KCL) and computed using Randles-Ševcik equations (under nonstandard conditions), as given in eqn (i) [28][29][30][31]41,42…”

“…A wide range of nanomaterials with unique chemical, physical and electronic properties with the signicance of the small size are gaining signicant interest as electrochemical sensors. [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] Along with these electrochemical sensors, metal oxide-based sensors show superior electrocatalytic activity, stability and reproducibility for the determination of various pesticides. [33][34][35][36][37] The advantages of Bi 2 O 3 nanoparticles over other metals are revealed in their signicant performances such as adequate surface area, electrochemical stability, efficient catalytic activity, ease of functionalization, cost-effectiveness, chemical inertness, and less-toxicity.…”