Synthesis of bifunctional nanocatalyst from waste palm kernel shell and its application for biodiesel production

Abdullah, Rose Fadzilah; Rashid, Umer; Taufiq‐Yap, Yun Hin; Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman; Ngamcharussrivichai, Chawalit; Azam, M.

doi:10.1039/d0ra04306k

Cited by 29 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…4 Biodiesel is usually produced through either transesterication or esterication depending on the various feedstocks. Among them, transesterication is a reaction between various oils (e.g., soybean oil, 5 castor seed oil, 6 Euphorbia lathyris oil, 7 waste cooking oil 8 ) and short-chain alcohols (e.g., methanol and ethanol) in the presence of a catalyst to produce fatty acid alkyl esters and glycerol as a side product. Esterication converts different long-chain carboxylic acids (e.g., oleic acid, 9 stearic acid, 10 and myristic acid 11 ) and short-chain alcohols into esters and water as a co-product via an acid catalyst.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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MOF-derived zirconia-supported Keggin heteropoly acid nanoporous hybrids as a reusable catalyst for methyl oleate production

et al. 2021

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among them, transesterification is a reaction between various oils ( e.g. , soybean oil, 5 castor seed oil, 6 Euphorbia lathyris oil, 7 waste cooking oil 8 ) and short-chain alcohols ( e.g. , methanol and ethanol) in the presence of a catalyst to produce fatty acid alkyl esters and glycerol as a side product.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MOF-derived zirconia-supported Keggin heteropoly acid nanoporous hybrids as a reusable catalyst for methyl oleate production

et al. 2021

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“…The highest esterified yield obtained by glycerol-SO 3 H and glycerol-ClSO 3 H catalysts were 92.4% and 94.6%, respectively. During 4 h of reaction, the reactants (methanol and free fatty acids) gained sufficient time for adsorbing and desorbing due to optimised effective collision on catalyst active sites promoting homogeneity that enhancing towards the formation of methyl esters [ 41 , 42 ]. However, there were no considerable changes in biodiesel yield beyond 4 h of catalytic activity.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycerol-Based Retrievable Heterogeneous Catalysts for Single-Pot Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate to Biodiesel

et al. 2022

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The by-product of the previous transesterification, glycerol was utilised as an acid catalyst precursor for biodiesel production. The crude glycerol was treated through the sulfonation method with sulfuric acid and chlorosulfonic acid in a reflux batch reactor giving solid glycerol-SO3H and glycerol-ClSO3H, respectively. The synthesised acidic glycerol catalysts were characterised by various analytical techniques such as thermalgravimetric analyser (TGA), infrared spectroscopy, surface properties adsorption-desorption by nitrogen gas, ammonia-temperature programmed desorption (NH3-TPD), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), elemental composition analysis by energy dispersive spectrometer (EDX) and surface micrographic morphologies by field emission electron microscope (FESEM). Both glycerol-SO3H and glycerol-ClSO3H samples exhibited mesoporous structures with a low surface area of 8.85 mm2/g and 4.71 mm2/g, respectively, supported by the microscopic image of blockage pores. However, the acidity strength for both catalysts was recorded at 3.43 mmol/g and 3.96 mmol/g, which is sufficient for catalysing PFAD biodiesel at the highest yield. The catalytic esterification was optimised at 96.7% and 98.2% with 3 wt.% of catalyst loading, 18:1 of methanol-PFAD molar ratio, 120 °C, and 4 h of reaction. Catalyst reusability was sustained up to 3 reaction cycles due to catalyst deactivation, and the insight investigation of spent catalysts was also performed.

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“…Ash catalyst of a light fraction of shell and palm fiber added to biodiesel production generally increases the reaction speed in forming the desired biodiesel product [1,34]. Where is research on the manufacture of palm biomass-based catalysts from combustion residues at this boiler station, there is also CaO [35], Ca which is calcined at high temperatures [17][18][19], Al and Si [20].…”

Section: Characteristics Of Palm Fly Ash Catalystmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Heterogeneous Catalysts Fly Ash Fraction of Light Shell and Fiber of Palm Oil Mill Solid Waste Grown on Peatlands

Susanto¹,

Abdullah

Elma

et al. 2022

ARASET

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Utilization of biomass from agricultural waste in Indonesia is still not optimal. Biomass from agricultural waste containing of Si and Ca can be used for the manufacture of heterogeneous base catalysts. The catalyst produced will be applied to the manufacture of biodiesel. A biodiesel quality test and Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) test are carried out, including chemical composition analysis test (X-RD), three-dimensional structure (SEM), material characterization (FT-IR), surface and basic properties (BET), and mass-weight change (TGA). The research method used is an experimental method, where this research was carried out in 3 stages; the first stage is to determine the test and characteristics of crude palm oil raw material, the second is on the manufacture of palm ash catalyst, and the third is the application of a heterogeneous catalyst based on palm fly ash in the manufacture of biodiesel. The results on the characteristics of crude palm oil after purification using 5% shell activated charcoal showed an increase in quality, including the number of free fatty acids 3.86% w/w, water content 0.0015%, impurities content 0.0485%. The acid number of 13.840mgKOH/g is still within the quality standard, while for the quality of the biodiesel produced, the calcination catalyst treatment at a temperature of 700ºC for 5 hours for the density parameter is 0.860g/ml, water content is 0.03%-wb, iodine number is 26.30gI2/100g, saponification number 90.88mgKOH/g, and free fatty acid number 0.38%w/w have values according to biodiesel standard ASTM D6751. Catalyst calcined at 700ºC 5 hours found mesopore (7.93 nm) with a surface area 25.288 m²/g. It also has CaO around 36º peaks, where catalyst particles are spherical with a smooth surface.

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Synthesis of bifunctional nanocatalyst from waste palm kernel shell and its application for biodiesel production

Abstract: The potential of bifunctional nanocatalysts obtained from waste palm kernel shell (PKS) was investigated for one-step transesterification–esterification under mild conditions.

Cited by 29 publications

References 42 publications

MOF-derived zirconia-supported Keggin heteropoly acid nanoporous hybrids as a reusable catalyst for methyl oleate production

MOF-derived zirconia-supported Keggin heteropoly acid nanoporous hybrids as a reusable catalyst for methyl oleate production

Glycerol-Based Retrievable Heterogeneous Catalysts for Single-Pot Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate to Biodiesel

Characteristics of Heterogeneous Catalysts Fly Ash Fraction of Light Shell and Fiber of Palm Oil Mill Solid Waste Grown on Peatlands

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