Characteristics of Heterogeneous Catalysts Fly Ash Fraction of Light Shell and Fiber of Palm Oil Mill Solid Waste Grown on Peatlands

Abstract

Utilization of biomass from agricultural waste in Indonesia is still not optimal. Biomass from agricultural waste containing of Si and Ca can be used for the manufacture of heterogeneous base catalysts. The catalyst produced will be applied to the manufacture of biodiesel. A biodiesel quality test and Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) test are carried out, including chemical composition analysis test (X-RD), three-dimensional structure (SEM), material characterization (FT-IR), surface and basic properties (BET), and mass-weight change (TGA). The research method used is an experimental method, where this research was carried out in 3 stages; the first stage is to determine the test and characteristics of crude palm oil raw material, the second is on the manufacture of palm ash catalyst, and the third is the application of a heterogeneous catalyst based on palm fly ash in the manufacture of biodiesel. The results on the characteristics of crude palm oil after purification using 5% shell activated charcoal showed an increase in quality, including the number of free fatty acids 3.86% w/w, water content 0.0015%, impurities content 0.0485%. The acid number of 13.840mgKOH/g is still within the quality standard, while for the quality of the biodiesel produced, the calcination catalyst treatment at a temperature of 700ºC for 5 hours for the density parameter is 0.860g/ml, water content is 0.03%-wb, iodine number is 26.30gI2/100g, saponification number 90.88mgKOH/g, and free fatty acid number 0.38%w/w have values according to biodiesel standard ASTM D6751. Catalyst calcined at 700ºC 5 hours found mesopore (7.93 nm) with a surface area 25.288 m²/g. It also has CaO around 36º peaks, where catalyst particles are spherical with a smooth surface.

Hydrogel Films Derived Water Hyacinth Stems And Banana Peels Pectin: Tensile Performance And Swelling Ability

“…Hydrogel film components consisting of WHSCMC, banana peels pectin, and citric acid form cross-links that can absorb water and try to maintain it. The hydrophilic nature is influenced by the hydroxyl group (-OH) and carboxyl group (COO-) (Elma, Ghani, Rahma, Alyanti, & Dony, 2022;Susanto, Elma, & Putra, 2022). To determine the functional groups that make up the hydrogel films, FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infra-Red) analysis is needed.…”

“…Quite distinguishing is the presence of an amide group on CPc-5. Indicating that the hydrogel films bonded with the addition of banana peel pectin (Assyaifi et al, 2021;Elma, Nata, et al, 2022;Elma et al, 2021;Hidayah et al, 2021;Isnasyauqiah et al, 2022;Mat Nawi et al, 2022;Mustalifah, Rahma, Mahmud, Sunardi, & Elma, 2021;Rahma, Elma, Rampun, Sintungkir, & Hidayat, 2022). In addition, the presence of a carboxyl group in CPc-5 indicates the role of citric acid in forming cross-links, while the carboxyl group in WHSCMC acts together with CH 2 to form a carboxymethyl group which will be bound to a hydroxyl group in cellulose (Kanikireddy, Varaprasad, Jayaramudu, Karthikeyan, & Sadiku, 2020).…”

“…A. Lestari, Elma, Rahma, et al, 2020;R. A. Lestari, Elma, Rampun, et al, 2020;Rahma, Elma, Pratiwi, & Rampun, 2020;Sumardi et al, 2021;Waqas et al, 2021) The fabrication of WHSCMC-pectin-based hydrogel films for food packaging must have suitable mechanical properties. In its application, hydrogel films are used as a packaging coating on sponge cakes.…”

Influence of Palm Kernel Shell on Mechanical Properties on The Achievement of Kernelrazzo Concrete Floor Finish Production

“…Additionally, the production of palm oil results in by-products like palm oil fuel ash (POFA), empty fruit bunches (EFB), palm kernel shells (PKS), pericap, palm oil mill effluent (POME), palm kernel fibre (PKF), the oil palm tree, and palm fibre, which are primarily used as a fuel source [11]. It undoubtedly demonstrates how oil palm debris, such as unfilled fruit bunches, can be utilized as a catalyst in the transesterification process to make biodiesel [12][13][14].…”