Synthesis of Acrylic Acid Derivatives from CO2 and Ethylene

Abstract

The synthesis of acrylic acid and its derivatives with the use of CO 2 and ethylene feedstock is an exciting yet extremely challenging reaction. In addition to the inherent stability of CO 2 , other challenges arise, such as the elimination of b-hydride from metallalactone to release free acrylate. Since the groundbreaking work more than three decades ago, tremendous efforts have been made to realize an effective catalytic system. From historical findings to recent progress, this review gives a comprehensive overview of this reaction. Reactions mediated by different transition-metal complexes and mechanistic details are discussed in depth.

Insights into the Base‐Assisted Acrylate Formation from CO2/C2H4 Coupling by Pd‐ and Ni‐catalyst: A DFT Mechanistic Study

“…On the basis of the above understanding of the nickel catalyst, we further investigated the effects of bases on the palladium‐catalyzed acrylate formation by applying the Pd(dmpe) system to keep consistent with the nickel catalyst. Though MeONa acted worse than MeOK in the nickel system, we still focused on it in the Pd system since the corresponding product sodium acrylate is the most demanded and widely used chemical materials nowadays . That is also why all researches in this field were centered on sodium acrylate .…”

Zwitterionic Silicone Materials Derived from Aza‐Michael Reaction of Amino‐Functional PDMS with Acrylic Acid

“…1 H NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AVANCE II and AVANCE III apparatus at 250 or 400 MHz, respectively, while 13 C and 29 Si NMR spectra were obtained at 100 and 79.5 MHz, respectively, on a Bruker AVANCE III apparatus. The samples were dissolved in CDCl 3 at 27 °C and chemical shifts for 1 H NMR were determined in parts per million downfield relative to the residual CHCl 3 at δ H = 7.26 ppm.…”

“…Subsequently, the reactional medium was kept at 50 °C during 120 h to let the azaMichael reaction proceed ( Figure 1A). The products were analyzed by 1 H, 13 C, and 2D NMR, namely 1 H 1 H correlation spectroscopy, 1 H 13 C heteronuclear multiple bond correlation spectroscopy, and het eronuclear single quantum coherence spectroscopy (Note S3, Supporting Information, for the reaction of hexylamine 3with acrylic acid (1) and Note S4, Supporting Information, for the reaction of 2ethylhexylamine (4) with acrylic acid (1)). An example of 1 H NMR and assigned structures of the Michael adducts/reagent is presented in Figure 2 for the reaction of hexylamine (3) with acrylic acid (1).…”

“…This approach entails a reaction between acrylic acid and various amino‐functionalized silicone‐based oligomers. All these reagents are industrially available: aminopolysiloxanes are widely used in detergents as softeners [ 12 ] whereas acrylic acid is primarily utilized as a starting material in the production of acrylic esters, [ 13 ] as a (co)monomer for poly(acrylic acid and salt) (co)polymers used as adsorbents or dispersants. Aza‐Michael reactions involving amino‐functionalized PDMS are largely described in the literature.…”

Acrylic acid synthesis via condensation of acetic acid and formaldehyde catalyzed by silica aerogel‐supported SiW/PW/PMo oxides

“…Acrylic acid and its derived esters are important chemical intermediates and monomers for organic synthesis and have widespread application in the production of water‐soluble acrylate coatings, superabsorbent polymers, adhesives, detergents, fibers and paints due to the unsaturated carboxyl structure . The production of acrylic acid has been conducted with various methods, such as acetylene carbonylation, glycerol oxydehydration, propylene oxidation, etc.…”