Synthesis, Characterization, Electrochemistry, and In Situ X‐ray Diffraction Investigation of Ni₃(PO₄)₂ as a Negative Electrode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Abstract

Nickel orthophosphate, Ni 3 (PO 4) 2 , was successfully synthesized using solid-state reaction at 900°C. The effect of the calcination temperature on the material purity was investigated at different temperatures (700-900°C). XRD analysis has shown that Ni 3 (PO 4) 2 crystallizes in a monoclinic system with P2 1 /a space group. The electrochemical performances of carbon-coated Ni 3 (PO 4) 2 were investigated for the first time versus Li + /Li and improved by the optimization of the cutoff voltage, the carbon-coating source, and the binder used. The best performance was delivered when using 0.01 V cutoff voltage, sucrose for C-coating, and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) binder. A reversible capacity of 249 mAh g À 1 and a capacity retention around 74-79 % after 90 cycles with a good coulombic efficiency of 98 % were obtained at C/5 current rate. In situ XRD measurements demonstrated the irreversible amorphization of the Ni 3 (PO 4) 2 crystal structure during the first discharge process, confirming that this phosphate exhibits a pure conversion mechanism.

Plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition of nickel and cobalt phosphate for lithium ion batteries

“…Focusing on nickel phosphate in particular, such activation at low potentials has even been observed in the literature for Ni 3 (PO 4 ) 2 LIB electrodes. 41,42 For this material, the activation peak at low potential was thought to be a conversion reaction (similar to iron phosphate), reducing Ni 2+ to metallic nickel. Such a reaction is verified here by comparing the charge that is expected for the reaction (using Faraday's law) with the capacity associated with the cathodic activation in this work.…”

Differentiated Oxygen Evolution Behavior in MOF-Derived Oxide Nanomaterials Induced by Phase Transition

“…In Figure b, the marked Raman peaks in 122–1370 cm –1 for the BMM-10-Fe-L series can be ascribed to the NiFe 2 O 4 nanocomposites. When it reaches 700–800 °C, new signals in BMM-10-Fe-H (700/800) at 116, 176, 257, 1084, and 1306 cm –1 are attributed to ε-Fe 2 O 3 , and the three peaks at 368, 622, and 955 cm –1 belong to Ni 3 (PO 4 ) 2 . Furthermore, the full XPS spectra also show the presence of Fe, Ni, O, and P elements (Figure S10).…”

“…When it reaches 700−800 °C, new signals in BMM-10-Fe-H(700/800) at 116, 176, 257, 1084, and 1306 cm −1 are attributed to ε-Fe 2 O 3 , and the three peaks at 368, 622, and 955 cm −1 belong to Ni 3 (PO 4 ) 2 . 31 Furthermore, the full XPS spectra also show the presence of Fe, Ni, O, and P elements (Figure S10). In the high-resolution Fe 2p spectrum, two peaks at 722.7 and 709.2 eV are indexed to the Fe 2p 1/2 and Fe 2p 3/2 of BMM-10-Fe-L (Figure 3c).…”

Prelithiated, Multiscale Nickel Phosphate Octahydrate Platelets by a Tailored Nanoarchitectonics Approach

“…18 Moreover, Ni 3 (PO 4 ) 2 synthesized by a solid-state method at 900 °C was analyzed as anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). 8 During the first discharge cycle, a high capacity of 700 mA h g −1 at 14.64 mA g −1 was delivered, however, reaching only 249 mA h g −1 afterward.…”

“…6 Three main aspects are thereby of great importance, including safety and low cost with regard to the material and process as well as delivering outstanding electrochemical performance. 7,8 In that respect, transition metal phosphates were proposed due to their environmental benignity, cost-efficiency, and high thermal and structural stability rendering the electrodes with superior safety and cycling stability. 9−12 Among them, nickel phosphate with its various structures has evoked a lot of interest.…”