Synthesis, characterization and catalytic evaluation of zirconia-pillared montmorillonite for linear alkylation of benzene

Influence of aluminium incorporation in the preparation of zirconia-pillared clay and catalytic performance in the acetalization reaction

“…2, show five major adsorption bands at 1445, 1490, 1540, 1590 and 1623 cm À1 . These results are very similar to those reported by Awate et al (2004) in their infrared study of pyridine adsorbed on Zr PILC. Ruiz et al (2002) reported also that n-butylamine thermodesorption give results similar to pyridine thermodesorption.…”

“…Zirconium is one of the most widely used materials for modifying clays (Farfan et al, 1992;Gil et al, 1995;Toranzo et al, 1998;Dominguez et al, 1998;Gandia et al, 2000;Vicente et al, 2001;Awate et al, 2004;Ben Chaabene et al, 2004); it finds applications in the fields of catalysis and adsorption (Sun-Kou et al, 2003;Mishra & Rao, 2004;Zakarina et al, 2005;Singh et al, 2006;Guerra et al, 2008;Chen et al, 2008;Denis et al, 2008 ). In the synthesis of zirconia-pillared clays, zirconium oxychloride solutions are commonly used as the pillaring precursors.…”

Recent Advances in the Control and Characterization of the Porous Structure of Pillared Clay Catalysts

“…Selective reduction of NOx has been the reaction of environmental interest for which PILCs have been most widely used (102, 103, 106, 109, 111 -115, 117, 132, 157 -164), other reactions, as complete oxidation of VOCs or of CFCs (104, 105, 119, 135, 136, 145, 146, 165 -168) and wet hydrogen peroxide catalytic oxidation of waste (108, 169 -189), have also been studied. Benzylation of aromatic compounds Fe-PILC [35] Benzylation of aromatic compounds Al-,FeAl-,AlCr-AlTi-PILC 60 -908C, aromatic: benzyl ¼ 10 chloride ¼ 10 [32] Benzene and benzyl chloride/ diphenylmethane Fe-,Al-,Zn-PILC 808C [36] Benzene or toluene and benzyl chloride/ diphenylmethane Al-,Cr-,Fe-PILC 258C [37] Toluene and methanol/xylenes Al-, AlGa-PILC 300 -4008C [38] Toluene and methanol/xylenes Zr-PILC [39] Toluene and methanol/xylenes Al-PILC 4008C, Toluene: methanol ¼ 2:1 [40] Toluene and methanol/xylenes Al-PILC 4008C [41] Toluene and methanol/xylenes Al-PILC 3508C, Toluene: methanol ¼ 2:1 [42] Catechol (CAT) and tert-butyl alcohol Si-PILC, SiAl-PILC 1358C; TBA:CAT ¼ 2:1; 68-77% conversion [43] (TBA)/butyl 4-tert-butylcatechol propene and biphenyl/polyalkylated products Al-PILC 2508C [44,45] Ethanol and benzene/ethylbenzene Ti-PILC 300 -4508C; Ethanol: benzene ¼ 1 and 6 [46] Benzene; chlorobenzene; anisole and benzylchloride AlFe-PILC, AlTi-PILC, AlCr-PILC 708C; Aromatic/ benzyl chloride ¼ 15 [32] 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene and methanol/ 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene Al-PILC 2808C, Methanol:1,2,4-TMB ¼ 1 [47,48] Benzene and long chain a-olefins (C 10 -C 13 ) Zr-PILC 150-1808C, Benzene: olefin ¼ 15:1 and 5:1 [49] 156 Downloaded by [University of Wyoming Libraries] at 06: 15 18 September 2013 Phenol and methanol/cresols and xylenols,methylanisols…”

Study of Modified Clay and Its Industrial Testing in Aromatic Refining

“…Refining products of the synthesized catalyst have higher contents of p-xylene, m-xylene, o-xylene, and C 10 aromatic compounds than the refining product of the industrial clay tower R401 while with lower content of C 9 aromatics, and it may be that more acid sites in the synthesized catalyst could catalyze the olefins to alkylate with aromatic hydrocarbon or polymerize each other. 9,11 The comparison implies that the distribution of the refining product inclined to increase the amount of xylene, which is accord with the aim of PX combination units.…”

“…The infrared spectra of pyridine adsorbed on the synthesized catalyst, active clay, and commercial clay at 473 and 723 K are shown in Figure 6. The band at 1540 cm À1 in these three samples suggests the present of Brønsted acid sites, the 1450 cm À1 band resulted from pyridine interacted with Lewis acid sites, 9 and another band in this spectrum at 1490 cm À1 arose due to contributions of both the Lewis and Brønsted acid sites. Table 3 shows the amounts of the total acid, total Lewis acid, weak Lewis acid, and weak Brønsted acid, so information about total Brønsted acid, strong Lewis acid, and strong Brønsted acid could be calculated by the data given in the table.…”