Synthesis, characterization, and application of α‐Fe₂O₃@TiO₂@SO₃H photo‐Fenton catalyst for photocatalytic degradation of biologically pre‐treated wood industry wastewater

Abstract

The efficiency of removing chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity from wood wastewater was investigated using a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and the photo‐Fenton process. A total of 94.78% of COD reduction and 99.9% of turbidity removal were observed under optimum conditions of SBR, which consisted of an organic loading rate (OLR) of 0.453 kg COD m−3 day−1, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) of 4564 mg L−1, and cycle time of 48 h. A magnetic α‐Fe2O3@TiO2@SO3H nanocatalyst was prepared as a heterogeneous Fenton reagent. The Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX), and elemental mapping (MAP) analyses were performed to determine the structure and morphology of synthesized photocatalyst. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the process based on a central composite design (CCD). The maximum photocatalytic degradation of 87.54% and COD reduction of 83.35% were achieved at a dosage of 0.6 g L−1 of catalyst, 30 mg L−1 of H2O2, and pH of 3.5 for 45 min. The results indicated that a combination of the SBR process and α‐Fe2O3@TiO2@SO3H could be used as an effective method for the treatment of wood wastewater. Practitioner Points A combination of the SBR and photo‐Fenton process was introduced as an impressive method for wood industry wastewater treatment. The efficiencies of COD, BOD5, NO3‐N, PO4‐P, and color removal were obtained according to the standard limits in Iran. To our knowledge, this study is the first report of the use of synthesized α‐Fe2O3@TiO2@SO3H photocatalyst for the wood industry wastewater treatment.

Introduction of TiO2-[bip]-NH2+ C(NO2)3− as an effective nanocatalyst for the Hantzsch reactions

“…18 Due to its availability, high surface area, low cost, and easy preparation, TiO 2 can be considered as one of the best candidates for this purpose. 19,20…”