Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking study of thiophene‐, piperazine‐, and thiazolidinone‐based hybrids as potential antimicrobial agents

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria exacerbates the issue of antimicrobial resistance. Bacteria that cause common or serious infections have evolved resistance to every new antibiotic that has been introduced into the market, to varying degrees, over several decades. Faced with this reality, one of society's most urgent needs is for new antimicrobial drugs with novel mechanisms of action. With this objective, we describe here the development of a novel set of compounds including piperazine‐ and thiophene‐based thiazolidinones (5a–i) and thiophene‐thiazolidinones (6a–i). Compounds (5a–i) and (6a–i) were developed, synthesized, and tested for their antimicrobial activity, and their structures were elucidated with the help of various analytical techniques. Compounds 5a and 5d showed excellent antibacterial efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with MICs of 50 μg/ml, whereas compounds 6c and 6e showed similar potency against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. The antifungal efficacy of compounds 5e and 6i against Candida albicans was outstanding (MIC = 50 μg/ml). The only compound that had excellent antifungal efficacy against Aspergillus niger was compound 5e (MIC = 50 μg/ml). The chemico‐in silico‐biology approach could provide valuable insights into the potential of this novel hybridized scaffold for the development of promising antimicrobial agents.

Design, synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation, and in‐silico studies of some 4‐thiazolidinone hybrids bearing coumarin and pyridine moieties

“…According to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, the MIC values of all produced compounds were evaluated using the broth microdilution method. The antibacterial activity of newly synthesized compounds was tested using bacterial and fungal isolates obtained from Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh [24, 25].…”

“…All the aromatic protons present in the hybrid entity had shown signals between 7.16 and 7.80 ppm. The carbon atoms present in the synthesized hybrids were recognized by 13 The antibacterial activity of newly synthesized compounds was tested using bacterial and fungal isolates obtained from Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh [24,25].…”

Synthesis, Antifungal Ergosterol Inhibition, Antibiofilm Activities, and Molecular Docking on β-Tubulin and Sterol 14-Alpha Demethylase along with DFT-Based Quantum Mechanical Calculation of Pyrazole Containing Fused Pyridine–Pyrimidine Derivatives

“…‘Griseofulvin’ was used as a standard drug for antifungal activity and was considered a positive control. For the growth of fungi, Sabouraud dextrose broth was used and incubated at 28 °C in aerobic conditions for 48 h. DMSO and sterilized distilled water were used as negative controls.” 40 ( Figures S2–S4 ).…”

“…For the growth of fungi, Sabouraud dextrose broth was used and incubated at 28 °C in aerobic conditions for 48 h. DMSO and sterilized distilled water were used as negative controls." 40…”

An Insight into All Tested Small Molecules against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Albedinis: A Comparative Review

“…Novel bipyrazoles 70-73 possessing piperazine or a mimed piperazine ring spacer were prepared in a one-step reaction in excellent yields. First, it condensed two hydroxymethylpyrazole derivatives with one equivalent of cyclic and acyclic piperazine [93][94][95][96].…”