Synthesis and surface-active properties of a series of new anionic gemini compounds

Micellization of Nonionic Surfactant Dimers and of the Corresponding Surfactant Monomers in Aqueous Solution

“…Table 1 shows that the cmc of the dimer (C12AmEG6) 2 is about 10 times lower than that of the monomer C12AmEG6 when both cmc values are expressed in moles of amphiphilic units (or of alkyl chains). A similar difference was found between ionic surfactant dimers and the corresponding monomers (26,27). In some studies, the cmc of surfactant dimers has been reported to be two to three orders of magnitude lower than that of the corresponding monomers (28,29).…”

Aggregation behaviors of a series of anionic sulfonate gemini surfactants and their corresponding monomeric surfactant

“…Because of its low Krafft temperature and high solubility in the presence of calcium and magnesium ions, sodium alkyl sulfonate can be applied in many practical fields, such as in tertiary oil recovery and detergents. Currently, some investigations on the sulfonate gemini surfactants have been reported [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Zhu et al [11][12][13][14] synthesized several series of sulfonate gemini surfactants in the 1990s and revealed that those surfactants have higher surface activities and lower CMC values than the corresponding single-chain surfactants.…”

“…Zhu et al [11][12][13][14] synthesized several series of sulfonate gemini surfactants in the 1990s and revealed that those surfactants have higher surface activities and lower CMC values than the corresponding single-chain surfactants. Renouf et al [15] synthesized two sulfonate gemini surfactants with molecular structures similar to those reported by Zhu et al, and the static and dynamic surface tension measurements were used to study the aggregate size of the gemini surfactants. Recently, Du et al [16,17] reported two series of alkylbenzene sulfonate gemini surfactants.…”

Synthesis and Properties of Alkylbetaine Zwitterionic Gemini Surfactants

“…However, the theoretical elemental composition for C 12 . Assuming that the sample contained 25.15% NaBr, the ratio of NaBr to product was 2:0.99, and the presence of NaBr was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS KRATOS).…”

“…This has also made them particularly interesting from an industrial point of view, and much of the published information concerning the solution properties of gemini surfactants is based on cationic species [8][9][10]. Synthesis of anionic and nonionic geminis is somewhat more complicated, and the literature contains relatively few systematic studies of their physicochemical behavior [11,12], especially in the case of zwitterionic gemini surfactants.…”