Synthesis and Surface Active Properties of a Gemini Imidazoline Amphoteric Surfactant

Abstract

The gemini imidazoline amphoteric surfactant was prepared in two steps. We first reacted lauric acid and triethylenetetramine to obtain the intermediate called bisalkyl‐bis‐imidazoline. We analyzed it by 1H NMR, and the yield was 82.45 % according to perchloric acid non‐aqueous titration. The intermediate was then quaternized using sodium 2‐chloroethanesulfonic acid in a mixture of isopropyl alcohol and water, during which we controlled the pH between 8 and 9 and the temperature between 80 and 90 °C to prepare C12‐bis‐imi. The air–liquid surface tension was measured by a tensiometer at 298 ± 0.1 K. The results show that the critical micelle concentration (CMC) was 2.25 × 10−3 mol/L and the surface tension at the CMC (γCMC) was 30.42 mN/m. C12‐bis‐imi showed a synergistic effect in combination with lauric alcohol with nine ethylene oxide groups (AEO9). The synergistic effect is most striking when the mole ratio of C12‐bis‐imi/AEO9 was 1/1, and the corresponding CMC was 9.79 × 10−5 mol/L and the γCMC was 37.61 mN/m.

Kinetic and mechanistic investigations of [Zn (II)‐Trp]+ and ninhydrin in aqueous and cationic CTAB surfactant

“…Thus, investigations of [Zn (II)-Trp] + and ninhydrin could be utilized as a simple and reliable kinetic probe in aggregated structural systems. The investigation may also be performed in the presence of gemini surfactant micelles [52][53][54][55][56] as well as mixed surfactant systems [57][58][59][60] for the enhanced utility of technique/method.…”

Gemini Imidazolinium Surfactants: A Versatile Class of Molecules

“…The microwave synthesized the surfactant in 5-10 minutes with a better yield of 80-91% as compared to conventional method i.e. thermal condensation which produced 75-80% [19][20][21][22]. The comparative study has also been done by Jianbin Huang on gemini and Bola, and the role of cephalic groups was found to be important as they alter their properties.…”

“…This process resulted in the formation of a light-yellow solid. This product further washed with ethanol, petroleum ether, and ethyl acetate (1:1:1 ratio) and resulted in bisalkyl-bisimidazoline [21] (Figure 5). Isopropyl alcohol or water mixture was added to it with continuation for 8 hours at 80-90 C. simultaneously, the pH of the solution has been around 8-9 by mixing the 10 wt.% NaOH solution.…”

“…With the use of anhydrous alcohol, unreacted salts were removed from the solution. Thus, it resulted in the final product by removing the amide using chloroform [21] (Figure 6).…”

“…The gemini imidazoline surfactant with quaternary imidazolinium salts is used as a dispersant, emulsifiers, bleach agent, ant-static agent, and fabric softener as they show the better result as compared to the traditional surfactant and also have a mild effect on clothes, to eyes, and their biodegradability. Gemini imidazoline surfactant solubility is low in water [21]. They can be used for drug entrapment, oil recovery, also a probable vehicle for the transference of bioactive particles, for cleaning purpose, used as aerosol application [43].…”