Synthesis and secretion of beeswax in honeybees

Hepburn, H. R.; Bernard, R. T. F.; Davidson, B.C.; Müller, WJ; Lloyd, Penn; Kurstjens, S. P.; Savolainen, Vincent

doi:10.1051/apido:19910104

Cited by 64 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The activated wax glands of worker bees (Apis mellifera) are larger, they cover an area of roughly 2 000 x 1 200 μm of the 7th to 10th sternites and the overlaying cuticle is perforated (see review of Hepburn, 1986 (Hepburn et al, 1991). For these cells Cassier and Lensky (1995) hypothesized that the few cisternae of the smooth ER, running parallel to the major cell axis, are preferential sites of transit for hydrocarbons biosynthesized by oenocytes.…”

Section: Cornua In Situmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cornual gland of the honeybee drone (Apis mellifera L): structure and secretion

et al. 1996

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Summary — The cornual gland of the drone's endophallus is an epithelial gland, whose cells extend from the tip of the cornual tube, along its lateral parts to the basic hump (dorsal cornua). The gland forms a stripe with a central region of dense and homogeneous secretory cells. To the sides the gland cells become sparse. The secretory cells contain mainly rough endoplasmatic reticulum and numerous mitochondria. The nuclei have several nucleoli and are situated at the apical part. Microvilli border the microfibrillar cuticula into which cell projections often intrude. At the basal membrane the cells are often subtended by a layer of fatty tissue, and oenocytes can also be attached. The secretion in a 3-day-old drone appears either as an orange-coloured layer (deep frozen sections) or as osmiophilic granula (EM) mainly near the lumen of the cornual tube. The cuticula of the cornual tube is untanned and non-sclerotized. Along the lumen of the cornua it is extremely folded and papillated, forming in situ small cavities which contain osmiophilic drops of the secretion, often accumulated in groups. No pores were found, although small granules of secretion occur within the cuticular layers, with the highest concentration near the lumen. During eversion of the cornua the secretion merges on the surface of the cuticula. The cuticula consists of two differently structured layers. Near the lumen of the cornual tube the microfibers extend regular and parallel to the folds; above the gland cells the microfibers are less dense and more irregular.Apis mellifera / drone / sexual organ / endophallus / cornual gland INTRODUCTION

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Section: Cornua In Situmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cornual gland of the honeybee drone (Apis mellifera L): structure and secretion

et al. 1996

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“…At the height of wax secretion the cells are greatly lengthened and have a longitudinally fibrillated appearance (Reimann, 1952). Sanford and Dietz (1976) and Hepburn et al (1991) reported that smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is absent from the post-ecdysial life of honey bee workers and conclude that the epidermis has no role in the synthesis of beeswax. According to their view, the major role of the epidermis appears to be in the development of an elaborate system of small transport tubules (Reimann, 1952; Locke, 1961;Hepburn, 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrastructure of the wax gland complex and secretion of beeswax in the worker honey bee Apis mellifera L

Cassier

Lensky

1995

Apidologie

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“…Production begins when the worker is slightly less than one week old, peaking at around two weeks and then reducing (Hepburn et al, 1991). It takes between 24 and 48 hours for any particular honeybee worker to produce a moderate-sized wax scale.…”

Section: Residues In Beeswaxmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction between pesticides and other factors in effects on bees

Thompson

2012

EFSA Supporting Publications

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Bees are important pollinators of both managed crops and wild flora. An overview of the interactions between pesticides and other factors in effects on bees considered: 1) The importance of the different exposure routes in relation to the overall exposure of bees to pesticides; 2) Multiple exposure to pesticides (including substances used in bee medication) and potential additive and cumulative effects; and 3) Interactions between diseases and susceptibility of bees to pesticides. Nectar foraging bees are likely to experienced highest exposure to both sprayed and systemic seed and soil treatments compounds followed by nurse and brood-attending bees. In both cases the major contribution to exposure was contaminated nectar with direct overspray playing a significant role in exposure. However, there are a variety of other routes (and other bee species) where there is currently insufficient data to fully total exposure: There are a large number of studies that have investigated the interactions between pesticides in bees. By far the majority have related to the interactions involving EBI fungicides and can be related to their inhibition of P450. The scale of the synergy is shown to be dose and season-dependent in acute exposures but there are few data relating to the effect of time between exposures, the effect of route of exposure or on chronic exposure effects at realistic exposure levels. There are a wide range of factors which affect the immunocompetence of bees including diet quality, pest and diseases. Although there are a limited number of laboratory based studies which suggest effects of a pesticide on disease susceptibility there is no clear evidence from field-based studies that exposure of colonies to pesticides results in increased susceptibility to disease or that there is a link between colony loss due to disease and pesticide residues in monitoring studies. KEY WORDSHoneybees, bumble bees, pesticides, disease, mixtures, synergism DISCLAIMERThe present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author. This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author, awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors. The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author. This task has been carried out exclusively by the author in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as...

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Synthesis and secretion of beeswax in honeybees

Cited by 64 publications

References 2 publications

Cornual gland of the honeybee drone (Apis mellifera L): structure and secretion

Cornual gland of the honeybee drone (Apis mellifera L): structure and secretion

Ultrastructure of the wax gland complex and secretion of beeswax in the worker honey bee Apis mellifera L

Interaction between pesticides and other factors in effects on bees

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