Synthesis and properties of sodium vinylbenzene sulfonate-grafted poly(vinylidene fluoride) cation exchange membranes for membrane capacitive deionization process

Kang, Ki Won; Hwang, Chi Won; Hwang, Taek Sung

doi:10.1007/s13233-015-3153-7

Cited by 20 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Kwak et al [ 20 ] developed a cation exchange membrane through heat crosslinking and esterification of three monomers, 4-styrenesulfonic acid sodium salt hydrate (NaSS), methacrylic acid (MAA), and methyl methacrylate (MMA). The synthesis of a poly(vinylidene fluoride)-sodium 4-vinylbenzene sulfonate copolymer (PVDF-g-PSVBS) CEM for deionisation applications was also reported by Kang et al [ 21 ]. Jeong et al [ 22 ] synthesized an aminated poly(vinylidene fluride-g-4-vinylbenzyl chloride) (PVDF-g-VBC) anion exchange membrane, while Qiu et al [ 23 ] used γ-irradiation to crosslink a thin sulfonated polystyrene film as a CEM.…”

Section: Ion Exchange Membranes For Membrane Capacitive Deionisatimentioning

confidence: 97%

The Role of Ion Exchange Membranes in Membrane Capacitive Deionisation

et al. 2017

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Ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) are unique in combining the electrochemical properties of ion exchange resins and the permeability of a membrane. They are being used widely to treat industrial effluents, and in seawater and brackish water desalination. Membrane Capacitive Deionisation (MCDI) is an emerging, energy efficient technology for brackish water desalination in which these ion-exchange membranes act as selective gates allowing the transport of counter-ions toward carbon electrodes. This article provides a summary of recent developments in the preparation, characterization, and performance of ion exchange membranes in the MCDI field. In some parts of this review, the most relevant literature in the area of electrodialysis (ED) is also discussed to better elucidate the role of the ion exchange membranes. We conclude that more work is required to better define the desalination performance of the proposed novel materials and cell designs for MCDI in treating a wide range of feed waters. The extent of fouling, the development of cleaning strategies, and further techno-economic studies, will add value to this emerging technique.

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Section: Ion Exchange Membranes For Membrane Capacitive Deionisatimentioning

confidence: 97%

The Role of Ion Exchange Membranes in Membrane Capacitive Deionisation

et al. 2017

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“…MCDI does not require self-standing membranes, thus, thinner IEMs and electrode-IEM composites with relatively low electrical resistance and favorable stability have been developed for MCDI. Fabrication techniques including solution casting [362][363][364] and pore-filling polymerization [240,[365][366][367][368] are employed to synthesize thinner and more conductive IEMs, specifically for application in MCDI. IEMs synthesized via casting methods possess low resistance [362][363][364].…”

Section: Membranes In MCDImentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fabrication techniques including solution casting [362][363][364] and pore-filling polymerization [240,[365][366][367][368] are employed to synthesize thinner and more conductive IEMs, specifically for application in MCDI. IEMs synthesized via casting methods possess low resistance [362][363][364]. Membranes fabricated through pore-filling techniques have shown superior dimensional and chemical stabilities [365][366][367][368].…”

Section: Membranes In MCDImentioning

confidence: 99%

Frontiers of Membrane Desalination Processes for Brackish Water Treatment: A Review

et al. 2021

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Climate change, population growth, and increased industrial activities are exacerbating freshwater scarcity and leading to increased interest in desalination of saline water. Brackish water is an attractive alternative to freshwater due to its low salinity and widespread availability in many water-scarce areas. However, partial or total desalination of brackish water is essential to reach the water quality requirements for a variety of applications. Selection of appropriate technology requires knowledge and understanding of the operational principles, capabilities, and limitations of the available desalination processes. Proper combination of feedwater technology improves the energy efficiency of desalination. In this article, we focus on pressure-driven and electro-driven membrane desalination processes. We review the principles, as well as challenges and recent improvements for reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), electrodialysis (ED), and membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI). RO is the dominant membrane process for large-scale desalination of brackish water with higher salinity, while ED and MCDI are energy-efficient for lower salinity ranges. Selective removal of multivalent components makes NF an excellent option for water softening. Brackish water desalination with membrane processes faces a series of challenges. Membrane fouling and scaling are the common issues associated with these processes, resulting in a reduction in their water recovery and energy efficiency. To overcome such adverse effects, many efforts have been dedicated toward development of pre-treatment steps, surface modification of membranes, use of anti-scalant, and modification of operational conditions. However, the effectiveness of these approaches depends on the fouling propensity of the feed water. In addition to the fouling and scaling, each process may face other challenges depending on their state of development and maturity. This review provides recent advances in the material, architecture, and operation of these processes that can assist in the selection and design of technologies for particular applications. The active research directions to improve the performance of these processes are also identified. The review shows that technologies that are tunable and particularly efficient for partial desalination such as ED and MCDI are increasingly competitive with traditional RO processes. Development of cost-effective ion exchange membranes with high chemical and mechanical stability can further improve the economy of desalination with electro-membrane processes and advance their future applications.

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“…Kang et al prepared CEMs based on sulfonate-grafted PVDF (PVDF- g -PSVBS), adopting their previous method to prepare AEMs from various copolymers . In this case, the reported maximum salt removal rate (SRE) was 41.6% (compared to 79% for the aminated PVDF- g -VBC AEM).…”

Section: Developments In Ion-exchange Materials For MCDImentioning

confidence: 99%

Ion-Exchange Materials for Membrane Capacitive Deionization

2020

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The scarcity of clean water is a problem affecting large parts of the world. In fact, the World Health Organization/ UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (2019) estimates that up to 2.2 billion people lack access to safely managed drinking water services. To address this, desalination techniques such as reverse osmosis, flash distillation, and electrodialysis have been utilized to convert the plentiful amounts of salt water into consumable water supplies for the general population. In the past 15 years, membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) has emerged as an alternative desalination technique that has since received extensive research attention. MCDI has sought to challenge benchmark methods such as reverse osmosis, removing salt by application of a voltage between two electrodes covered with ion-exchange membranes, all under ambient conditions. The incorporation of ion-exchange materials over electrodes in MCDI has been shown to maximize the desalination performance in terms of salt removal and energy efficiency. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of the developments relating to ion-exchange materials in MCDI. The fabrication and characterization methods of the materials have been outlined and compared with those of commercially available ion-exchange membranes where possible. A critical comparison of the ion-exchange materials has been conducted, and the commercial viability of the technologies has been evaluated. In light of the findings of the review, the authors have indicated future directions and action points the field should look to address in the coming years. It is hoped that the findings of this review can contribute to the largescale commercialization and application of MCDI, which can improve aspects of water treatment and quality, contaminant removal, and sanitation on a global scale.

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Synthesis and properties of sodium vinylbenzene sulfonate-grafted poly(vinylidene fluoride) cation exchange membranes for membrane capacitive deionization process

Cited by 20 publications

References 29 publications

The Role of Ion Exchange Membranes in Membrane Capacitive Deionisation

The Role of Ion Exchange Membranes in Membrane Capacitive Deionisation

Frontiers of Membrane Desalination Processes for Brackish Water Treatment: A Review

Ion-Exchange Materials for Membrane Capacitive Deionization

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