Synthesis and Determination of Antimicrobial Activity of Visible Light Activated TiO2 Nanoparticles with Polymethyl Methacrylate Denture Base Resin Against Staphylococcus Aureus

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study was to synthesize visible light activated titanium dioxide (TiO 2) nanoparticles using titanium nitride (TiN) by solution route to determine its antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus when combined with heat cure polymethyl methacrylate denture base resins (PMMA) in three different combinations. Methods: Visible light activated as-prepared TiO 2 photocatalyst was synthesized by peroxide based solution route technique using TiN. Part of the as-prepared TiO 2 was annealed and anatase form was obtained. Physical properties of the material were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive Xray spectroscopy (EDAX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). TiO 2 (3 w%, 5 w%)-PMMA composite samples (incorporated, precuring or post-curing coating) and unblended acrylic samples were prepared. They were placed in saline and exposed to light for 1 day, 1 week, 1month, 3 months and 6 months in a halogen light system specially fabricated for this study. Then the samples were subjected to microbiological tests to determine the inhibitory activity against S. aureus. Based on visible turbidity changes in the broth containing samples the antibacterial activity was reported. Statistical analysis of the data was done to interprete the results. Results: XRD, SEM, EDAX and FTIR showed better patterns with anatase form. This material showed consistent and reliable inhibitory activity in all forms when combined with PMMA in three different combinations. The best results were achieved at 3 w% concentration of TiO 2. Conclusion: 3 w% of anatase TiO 2 upon incorporation and postcuring coating with PMMA shows promising inhibitory activity against S.aureus. Clinical significance: To decrease the load of oral microflora on dentures by utilising visible light activated TiO 2 photocatalyst especially in elderly and handicapped denture wearers.

Effect of Antibacterial Silver-Releasing Filler on the Physicochemical Properties of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Denture Base Material

“…Such materials would be characterized by both increased resistance to microbial colonization and support for the treatment of, for example, Candida-infected mucosa. Antimicrobial efficacy in vitro has been confirmed so far in laboratory experiments conducted with PMMA denture base materials modified with numerous metal and metal oxides nanoparticles such as ZrO 2 [29], TiO 2 [30,31], ZnO [32], platinum [33], silver [34,35] or silver microparticles [36]. Silver nanoparticles have particularly strong antimicrobial properties; however, studies have simultaneously shown that the introduction of this type of additive to prosthetic materials causes an intense brown color of PMMA resin due to the plasmon effect [35] which is unacceptable for aesthetic reasons.…”

Behavior of PMMA Denture Base Materials Containing Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: A Literature Review

“…Its photocatalytic ability promoted it to be known as an antimicrobial agent encouraging its addition to biomaterials [11, 12, 20, 23, 25]. TiO 2 NP have been found effective against a wide range of microorganisms including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and viruses [11, 23, 25]. The antimicrobial effect could be attributed to the surface properties and structure of the nanoparticles, including; nanocrystalline TiO 2 , hydrophilic surface effect, infrared reflectivity, and noncontact antimicrobial activity.…”

“…Anehosur et al (2012) found that the addition of 3 wt% TiO 2 NP to PMMA produced a positive antimicrobial effect. It had the ability to reduce microbial number, which prevents quorum sensing thereby halts plaque formation on PMMA/TiO 2 nanocomposite surface [11]. Due to the photocatalytic property against microorganisms, patients will be able to maintain the hygiene of their dentures easily by exposing them to solar energy/light sources to activate the TiO 2 NP [11].…”

“…It had the ability to reduce microbial number, which prevents quorum sensing thereby halts plaque formation on PMMA/TiO 2 nanocomposite surface [11]. Due to the photocatalytic property against microorganisms, patients will be able to maintain the hygiene of their dentures easily by exposing them to solar energy/light sources to activate the TiO 2 NP [11]. On the same way, Alrahlah et al (2018) reported a 50% and 90% decrease in bacterial cell attachment of E. faecalis and P. aeruginosa, respectively, with the mere addition of 3% TiO 2 NP [43].…”

Acrylates in Dental Applications

“…Staphylococcus aureus. Numerous studies and observations conducted by these scientists lead to the conclusion that titanium dioxide subjected to an appropriate radiation effects on the inhibition of the growth and the development of the mentioned strain of bacteria [17,26,27].…”