Synthesis and characterization of titania nanotubes by anodizing of titanium in fluoride containing electrolytes

Abstract

Titania nanotubular structure was prepared by anodizing titanium metal in the fluoride containing electrolytes and studied for hydrogen reduction using photo electrochemical cell. Potentiodynamic scan was performed before actual anodizing to optimize the anodizing conditions. The morphology of the TiO 2 nanotubes was investigated by SEM and the presence of TiO 2 nanotubes was confirmed. Raman spectroscopy was done to confirm the different phases present. Hydrogen generation capability was revealed by electrochemical testing in three-electrode system in dark and in visible light at 200 W power using Gamry Potentiostat. The corrosion potential of TiO 2 nanotubes produced was found to be more active side in potassium hydroxide solution under visible light than in the dark condition. Cathodic polarization behavior of specimens in the presence of light showed more activity towards hydrogen generation than in dark condition. In comparison, the hydrogen generation capability of specimen anodized in 2H15 electrolyte was higher than specimens anodized in other electrolytes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to study the charge transfer resistance of the nanotubes produced. The results showed that TiO 2 nanotubular structure is a promising material for photoelectrochemical cell. Low-charge transfer resistance also depicts that it can be efficiently used to harvest solar energy.

Mixed oxide nanotubes in nanomedicine: A dead-end or a bridge to the future?

“…One of the pioneering efforts to utilize electrochemical anodization as an innovative approach for the surface modification of Ti-based alloys was performed by Dunn et al [ 221 , 222 ], where porous surface coatings are formed by anodization and incorporating antibiotics onto the oxide surface. Zwilling et al [ 223 ] also reported that anodization on Ti and Ti–6Al–4V alloys in the F − ion solution is an effective approach to attain tunable tubular oxide layers under different anodization conditions [ 16 , 17 , 65 , 133 , [224] , [225] , [226] , [227] , [228] , [229] , [230] , [231] , [232] , [233] , [234] , [235] , [236] , [237] , [238] , [239] , [240] , [241] , [242] , [243] , [244] , [245] , [246] , [247] , [248] , [249] , [250] , [251] , [252] , [253] , [254] , [255] , [256] , [257] , [258] , [259] , [260] , [261] , [262] ]. Since the Ti–6Al–4V alloy is a dual-phase alloy, the development kinetics of nanotubes are dissimilar for the α and β phases [ 69 ].…”

“…This study also highlighted that the diameters of the nanotubes can only be modified from 88.5 to 122.9 nm using various concentrations of electrolyte from 1 wt% NH4F + 20 wt% H2O to 1 wt% NH4F + 30 wt% H2O at 20 V, respectively [ 263 ]. Extensive research has been conducted in the field of nanotubes production on Ti-based alloys, especially the Ti–6Al–4V alloy in the last decade; whereby useful information is available on the impact of anodization on the features of MONs in this system [ 16 , 17 , 65 , 133 , [224] , [262] ]. One of the most comprehensive studies in this field was performed by Li et al [ 254 ], where they explored the thermal constancy and in vitro bioactivity of nanostructured Ti–Al–V–O formed on Ti–6Al–4V.…”

Visible-Light Active Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials with Bactericidal Properties

“…Anodization offers the additional advantages of simplicity, and ease of fabrication and scaling-up. The tube diameter, length and wall thickness can be properly manipulated by processing parameters including electrolyte composition, applied voltage, pH, temperature, and time [221]. In general, the applied voltage regulates the nanotube diameter, and the anodizing time controls the tube length.…”

“…Nanomaterials 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 57 electrolyte composition, applied voltage, pH, temperature, and time [221]. In general, the applied voltage regulates the nanotube diameter, and the anodizing time controls the tube length.…”

Influence of Gd Doping on the Structure and Electrocatalytic Performance of TiO2 Nanotube/SnO2−Sb Nano‐coated Electrode

“…To improve the stability of SnO 2 −Sb electrode, an interlayer, acting as a binder between the Ti and SnO 2 −Sb phases, was introduced through a thermal oxidation followed by an electrochemical reduction process ,. With the continuous development on the preparation method for TiO 2 −NTs, the feasibility research of TiO 2 −NTs to be used as support for catalyst has attracted more and more attention . A novel Sb‐doped SnO 2 electrode was constructed by designing and regenerating the microstructure of the Ti substrate ,.…”