“…Before the experiments, the catalysts were reduced, as described previously. Chemisorption experiments were done with 200 mg of the samples at 50 • C [58] exposed at the catalyst at 10% CO/He (99,999%, INDURA, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador). The total adsorption amount of CO was detected by TCD.…”
Sewage sludge from the galvanic industry represents a problem to the environment, due to its high metal content that makes it a hazardous waste and must be treated or disposed of properly. This study aimed to evaluate the sludge from three galvanic industries and determine its possible use as catalysts for the synthesis of materials. Catalyst was obtained from a thermal process based on dried between 100–120 °C and calcination of sludges between 400 to 700 °C. The physical–chemical properties of the catalyst were analyzed by several techniques as physisorption of N2 and chemisorption of CO of the material. Catalytic activity was analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis of a thermo-catalytic decomposition of crude oil. The best conditions for catalyst synthesis were calcination between 400 and 500 °C, the temperature of reduction between 750 and 850 °C for 15 min. The catalytic material had mainly Fe as active phase and the specific surface between 17.68–96.15 m2·g−1, the catalysts promote around 6% more weight-loss of crude oil in the thermal decomposition compared with assays without the catalyst. The results show that the residual sludge of galvanic industries after thermal treatment can be used as catalytic materials due to the easiness of synthesis procedures required, the low E-factor obtained and the recycling of industrial waste promoted.
“…Before the experiments, the catalysts were reduced, as described previously. Chemisorption experiments were done with 200 mg of the samples at 50 • C [58] exposed at the catalyst at 10% CO/He (99,999%, INDURA, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador). The total adsorption amount of CO was detected by TCD.…”
Sewage sludge from the galvanic industry represents a problem to the environment, due to its high metal content that makes it a hazardous waste and must be treated or disposed of properly. This study aimed to evaluate the sludge from three galvanic industries and determine its possible use as catalysts for the synthesis of materials. Catalyst was obtained from a thermal process based on dried between 100–120 °C and calcination of sludges between 400 to 700 °C. The physical–chemical properties of the catalyst were analyzed by several techniques as physisorption of N2 and chemisorption of CO of the material. Catalytic activity was analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis of a thermo-catalytic decomposition of crude oil. The best conditions for catalyst synthesis were calcination between 400 and 500 °C, the temperature of reduction between 750 and 850 °C for 15 min. The catalytic material had mainly Fe as active phase and the specific surface between 17.68–96.15 m2·g−1, the catalysts promote around 6% more weight-loss of crude oil in the thermal decomposition compared with assays without the catalyst. The results show that the residual sludge of galvanic industries after thermal treatment can be used as catalytic materials due to the easiness of synthesis procedures required, the low E-factor obtained and the recycling of industrial waste promoted.
“…It should be noted that the framework of zeolite can change the chemical environment of metal encapsulated in the zeolite channels and further improve the activity and stability. Therefore, the encapsulation of active sites in the pore of zeolite is exceptionally desirable for the heterogeneous catalysis [21,26–28] . Generally, the methods to synthesize active nanoparticles encapsulated in zeolites are mainly in situ encapsulated and post‐encapsulation approaches.…”
Zeolite‐supported catalysts have been widely used in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. Atomic‐scale governing the metal or acid sites on zeolites still encounters great challenge in controllable synthesis and developing of novel catalysts. Atomic layer deposition (ALD), owing to its unique character of self‐limiting surface reactions, becomes one of the most promising and controllable strategies to tailor the metallic deposition sites in atomic scale precisely. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary and viewpoint of recent research in designing and engineering the structural of zeolite‐based catalysts via ALD method. A prior focus is laid on the deposition of metals on the zeolites with emphasis on the isolated states of metals, followed by introducing the selected metals into channels of zeolites associates with identifying the location of metals in and/or out of the channels. Subsequently, detailed analysis of tailoring the acid sites of different zeolites is provided. Assisted synthesis of zeolite and the regioselective deposition of metal on special sites to modify the structures of zeolites are also critically discussed. We further summarize the challenges of ALD with respect to engineering the active sites in heterogeneous zeolite‐based catalysts and provide the perspectives on the development in this field.
“…The hydroisomerization of normal long-chain paraffin is an efficient process applied in lubricant base oil production, and it can effectively improve the low-temperature physicochemical properties of lubricating oil [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Various types of catalysts have been developed to catalyze this reaction [7][8][9][10][11][12].…”
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