Synthesis and characterization of polymeric additives based on α-Olefin as pour point depressant for Egyptian waxy crude oil

Elbanna, Sameh A.; Rhman, Abdellatief M. M. Abd El; Al-Hussaini, Ayman S.; Khalil, Salah A.

doi:10.1080/10916466.2017.1307852

Cited by 26 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In addition, the synthetic chemicals alter the wax crystals solubility and form layers around wax molecules to separate them from the crude oil and slow the growth of crystals (Deka et al 2018a). Therefore, among the other techniques, chemical treatment practices have yielded the best performance in mitigating wax precipitation (Jennings and Breitigam 2010;Aiyejina et al 2011;Elbanna et al 2017). Moreover, polymeric additive usage has proven to be the most effective and economical method for preventing wax precipitation (Elganidi et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis, characterisation and pre-evaluation of a novel terpolymer as pour point depressants to improve the Malaysian crude oil flowability

Elganidi

Elarbe

Ridzuan

et al. 2022

J Petrol Explor Prod Technol

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Wax deposition is considered one of the most serious operational issues in the crude oil pipelines. This issue occurs when the crude oil temperature decreases below the temperature of wax appearance and paraffin wax starts to precipitate on the pipelines’ inner walls. As a result, the crude oil flow is impeded because of the precipitated wax. The use of polymeric pour point depressants has obtained significant interest among researchers as an approach of wax control for enhancing the flowability of the waxy crude oil. PPD of poly(behenyl acrylate -co-stearyl methacrylate-co- maleic anhydride) (BA-co-SMA-co-MA) was facilely synthesised by the use of free radical polymerisation. The variation of the PPD structure was studied by choosing several essential parameters like monomers ratio, reaction time, initiator concentration, and reaction temperature. Furthermore, viscosity measurement, pour point, and cold finger apparatus have been employed to evaluate the efficiency of the synthesised Polymer. The chemical structure of poly(BA-co-SMA-co-MA) has been identified through the use of Fourier transform infrared as well as nuclear magnetic resonance. The experimental findings demonstrated that the ideal conditions for obtaining the highest yield were 1.5% initiator concentration, reaction time and temperature of 8 h and 100 °C, respectively, and monomer ratio of 1:1:1 (BA:SMA:MA). Under these ideal conditions, the prepared terpolymer reduced the crude oil viscosity at 30 °C and 1500 ppm from 7.2 to 3.2 mPa.s. The cold finger experiment demonstrated that after poly(BA-co-SMA-co-MA) was used as a wax inhibitor, the maximum efficiency of paraffin inhibition of 45.6% was achieved at 200 rpm and 5 °C. Besides, the best performance in depressing the pour point by ΔPP 14 ℃ observed at the concentration of 1500 ppm, which can change the growth characteristics of wax crystals and delay the aggregation of asphaltene and resin, thus effectively improving the flowability of crude oil.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis, characterisation and pre-evaluation of a novel terpolymer as pour point depressants to improve the Malaysian crude oil flowability

Elganidi

Elarbe

Ridzuan

et al. 2022

J Petrol Explor Prod Technol

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“…18 Efforts to select optimal PPDs for specific petroleum fluid compositions and specific wax types have been reported. [2][3][4][5]19,20 Studies have been performed to ascertain PPD selectivities to specific paraffin wax components using model systems comprising monodisperse paraffin dissolved in a solvent. Wang reported that among three polymethacrylate wax inhibitor polymers tested, the polymer with the longest alkyl side-chain (C18) exhibited the strongest effect in suppressing the WAT and elevating the WDT of a model fluid consisting of n-C 24 dissolved in n-C 10 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Treatment of produced petroleum fluid with pour point depressants (PPD) or wax inhibitors is a common chemical management strategy that may be implemented on an exclusive basis or in conjunction with supplementary management measures. Continuous injection of formulated PPD solutions into the production fluid stream effectively reduces the pour point temperature, wax appearance temperature (WAT), and low-temperature gel strength. − The influence of PPD polymers on wax crystallization has been well documented. However, the effective activity mechanisms of PPDs are incompletely understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Wax Inhibitor Molecular Weight on Solution Crystallization and Rheology of Monodisperse Waxes

et al. 2021

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Molecular weight fractionation via stepwise precipitation or chain scission is performed on four pour point depressant polymers to study the pour point reduction mechanism. An homologous series of model oils is prepared by dissolving 5 wt % of a single-component paraffin wax (n-C24, n-C28, n-C32, or n-C36) in n-C12. The polymers are dosed at 500 ppm in the model oils and moderately reduce crystallization temperatures by elevating the nucleation barrier. Polymers containing carboxylate or acrylate moieties also modestly enhance equilibrium wax solubility. Reduction in crystallization temperature is largely independent of polymer molecular weight, except for carboxylate polymers where low molecular weight fractions are largely ineffective. In general, model fluids containing shorter wax chains show a larger reduction in crystallization temperature than model fluids containing longer wax chains. However, yield stress reduction often shows a distinct dependence on polymer molar mass. Low molecular weight fractions of carboxylate and acrylate polymers provide smaller reductions in yield stress than the overall parent fraction. Cross-polarized microscopy reveals that polymers reduce the crystal size, alter the crystal morphology from platelet to needle-like, and induce branching. Crystal branching and formation of dendrite-like structures result from strong polymer binding at the wax crystal interfaces. Hence, single-component wax crystal branching occurs phenomenologically along with yield stress reduction.

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“…The most practical method to mitigate this problem is pre-treatment with polymeric additives, also known as pour point depressants (PPD) or flow improvers. In the pipeline industry, polymeric treatment with PPDs is widely utilized in small doses to decrease the crude oil pour point and gelation point, enhance the low-temperature flow properties and facilitate pipeline transportation (Jennings and Breitigam 2010;Aiyejina et al 2011;Elbanna et al 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimisation of reaction parameters for a novel polymeric additives as flow improvers of crude oil using response surface methodology

Elganidi

Elarbe

Ridzuan

et al. 2021

J Petrol Explor Prod Technol

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In recent years, polymeric additives have received considerable attention as a wax control approach to enhance the flowability of waxy crude oil. Furthermore, the satisfactory model for predicting maximum yield in free radical polymerisation has been challenging due to the complexity and rigours of classic kinetic models. This study investigated the influence of operating parameters on a novel synthesised polymer used as a wax deposition inhibitor in a crude oil pipeline. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to develop a polynomial regression model and investigate the effect of reaction temperature, reaction time, and initiator concentration on the polymerisation yield of behenyl acrylate-co-stearyl methacrylate-co-maleic anhydride (BA-co-SMA-co-MA) polymer by using central composite design (CCD) approach. The modelled optimisation conditions were reaction time of 8.1 h, reaction temperature of 102 °C, and initiator concentration of 1.57 wt%, with the corresponding yield of 93.75%. The regression model analysis (ANOVA) detected an R2 value of 0.9696, indicating that the model can clarify 96.96% of the variation in data variation and does not clarify only 3% of the total differences. Three experimental validation runs were carried out using the optimal conditions, and the highest average yield is 93.20%. An error of about 0.55% was observed compared with the expected value. Therefore, the proposed model is reliable and can predict yield response accurately. Furthermore, the regression model is highly significant, indicating a strong agreement between the expected and experimental values of BA-co-SMA-co-MA yield. Consequently, this study’s findings can help provide a robust model for predicting maximum polymerisation yield to reduce the cost and processing time associated with the polymerisation process.

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Synthesis and characterization of polymeric additives based on α-Olefin as pour point depressant for Egyptian waxy crude oil

Cited by 26 publications

References 21 publications

Synthesis, characterisation and pre-evaluation of a novel terpolymer as pour point depressants to improve the Malaysian crude oil flowability

Synthesis, characterisation and pre-evaluation of a novel terpolymer as pour point depressants to improve the Malaysian crude oil flowability

Influence of Wax Inhibitor Molecular Weight on Solution Crystallization and Rheology of Monodisperse Waxes

Optimisation of reaction parameters for a novel polymeric additives as flow improvers of crude oil using response surface methodology

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