Synthesis, characterisation and pre-evaluation of a novel terpolymer as pour point depressants to improve the Malaysian crude oil flowability

Elganidi, Ibrahim; Elarbe, Basem; Ridzuan, Norida; Abdullah, Norhayati

doi:10.1007/s13202-021-01445-2

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…After conducting the test, the mass after running the CF tests was measured, allowing to quantify the mass of the deposit weight without applying any additives. The same experimental runs were successively implanted for the previously mentioned waxy oil samples modified with additives (CTAB and C‐g‐F) in order to estimate the IE that can be calculated in wt.% by Equation (): [ 46–48 ]

IE (wt . %) = \frac{W_{o} - W_{i}}{W_{o}} \times 100 %

where

W_{o}

refers to the deposit weight of the virgin waxy oil samples (g) and

W_{i}

represents mass of the deposit oil samples loaded with CTAB or C‐g‐F (g) in different contents as described in Section 2.4. From the CF experiments, the deposited gel of neat waxy oil samples was about 1.1 g. This value was taken as baseline for the

IE

calculations.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To measure the wax deposition IE, a cold finger setup (CF) was used to simulate the wax deposition qualitatively in the field by applying a certain shear rate and temperature gradient of a waxy fluid. [19,[46][47][48][49] The CF setup apparatus is popular to use for wax deposition assessment because it is small in size, low in cost, less material intensive, and easy to operate. [46][47][48][49] Our used CF setup consists of a cylindrical glass finger with an outside diameter of 40 mm that is placed inside a cylindrical sampling vessel with a diameter of 99 mm, hot water sink, and water chiller (Figure 2).…”

Section: Cf Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[19,[46][47][48][49] The CF setup apparatus is popular to use for wax deposition assessment because it is small in size, low in cost, less material intensive, and easy to operate. [46][47][48][49] Our used CF setup consists of a cylindrical glass finger with an outside diameter of 40 mm that is placed inside a cylindrical sampling vessel with a diameter of 99 mm, hot water sink, and water chiller (Figure 2). The cylindrical glass finger is composed of a glass vacuum trap device that operates by internally circulating cold water (at 5 C) using the water chiller.…”

Section: Cf Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After conducting the test, the mass after running the CF tests was measured, allowing to quantify the mass of the deposit weight without applying any additives. The same experimental runs were successively implanted for the previously mentioned waxy oil samples modified with additives (CTAB and C-g-F) in order to estimate the IE that can be calculated in wt.% by Equation ( 2): [46][47][48] IE wt:%…”

Section: Cf Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effective inhibition of crystal growth during wax deposition using CTAB‐grafted faujasite nanoparticles

Al‐Shboul,

Hethnawi,

Sagala

et al. 2024

Can J Chem Eng

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In this work, we developed cetrimonium bromide (CTAB)‐grafted faujasite nanoparticles (C‐g‐F) as wax inhibitors for the deposits that were formed from a model oil system consisting of 5 wt.% paraffin wax in toluene. Our developed nanomaterials were fully characterized, hydrophobically modified, and their deposition inhibition performance compared with virgin CTAB was investigated in a model waxy oil through cold finger setup (CF), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), cold flow yield strength, and cross‐polarized microscopy (CPM). Applying our nano‐inhibitors at a concentration of 100 ppm led to more than 50 wt.% inhibition and a 30% reduction of deposit cold yield strength. Interestingly, the presence of FAU nanoparticles in the core structure of C‐g‐F contributed to better dispersibility, enhancing surface wettability (reducing interfacial tension with wax crystals), facilitating inhibitions, and preventing co‐crystallization greater than the surfactant alone. The morphological analysis results showed that C‐g‐F, due to their novel surface features, could suppress the unordered wax crystals from networking, resulting in uniform spherical‐like wax aggregates. Hence, the application of tiny concentrations of C‐g‐F (10 to 300 ppm) outperformed stand‐alone surfactants in nucleating the wax crystals.

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IE (wt . %) = \frac{W_{o} - W_{i}}{W_{o}} \times 100 %

where

W_{o}

refers to the deposit weight of the virgin waxy oil samples (g) and

W_{i}

IE

calculations.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cf Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cf Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After conducting the test, the mass after running the CF tests was measured, allowing to quantify the mass of the deposit weight without applying any additives. The same experimental runs were successively implanted for the previously mentioned waxy oil samples modified with additives (CTAB and C-g-F) in order to estimate the IE that can be calculated in wt.% by Equation ( 2): [46][47][48] IE wt:%…”

Section: Cf Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Effective inhibition of crystal growth during wax deposition using CTAB‐grafted faujasite nanoparticles

Al‐Shboul,

Hethnawi,

Sagala

et al. 2024

Can J Chem Eng

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…From a scientific point of view, the most effective way to regulate the fluidity of crude oil is chemical action, that is, to achieve a significant change in the structural organization and phase state of crude oil dispersed systems. Thus, a chemical additive known as PPD is used to reduce the viscosity and pour point of crude oils [1][2][3][4][5]. These supplements are most recognized for their simplicity and cost effectiveness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amidation of Polyethylene-Acrylic Acid Copolymer as Pour Point Depressants for Waxy Crude Oils

Zhubanov¹,

Bondaletov²,

Kozhabekov³

et al. 2022

Bull. of the Kar. Univ. "Chem". Ser.

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The present work aims to provide amine-modified polyethylene-acrylic acid (PEAA) copolymers as a pour point depressant (PPD) that will be evaluated for lower pour point of crude oil. For this, PEAA was amidated with butylamine and octadecylamine in the presence of xylene as a solvent at 150 °C for 10 hours to obtain copolymers PEAA/ODA and PEAA/BA. The copolymers were modified by amidation using the carboxyl groups of an ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer as reaction sites in reactions with RNH2. The resulting copoly-mers were purified and analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy. The modified PEAA copolymers were evaluated for their effectiveness as depressants for crude oils by pour point measurements at 50 ppm, 100 ppm and 200 ppm and rheological measurements at 100 ppm. The pour point measurements of the crude oil showed that octadecylamine-modified PEAA copolymer performed better than butylamine-modified and unmodified PEAA copolymer. The effectiveness of the modified copolymers compared to unmodified PEAA can be ex-plained by the polarity of the monoalkylamide groups in the peripheral substituents along the copolymer backbone, which plays a crucial role in preventing the agglomeration of wax crystals in crude oil.

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Treatment of paraffin deposition behavior in gas-condensate wells with chemical inhibitors

Shi,

Hong,

Wang

et al. 2023

J Petrol Explor Prod Technol

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As deep gas-condensate reservoirs are explored, the problem of paraffin deposition is becoming more prominent. Therefore, this paper collects condensate samples from representative paraffin deposition gas-condensate wells and analyzes basic physical properties. The cold plate deposition device is employed to study paraffin deposition behavior under well conditions and to divide the critical regions for paraffin deposition in gas-condensate wells. The experimental apparatus, such as the crude oil dynamic paraffin deposition rate tester, is utilized to investigate the preventive effect of paraffin dispersants and paraffin crystal modifier. The results show that there is significant phase change behavior in gas-condensate wells and gas phase is dominant form, but there is also phase evolution. It can be identified from the experiments that paraffin deposition is mainly located in the 1000 ~ 1500 m region, and a paraffin deposition identification chart has been established. The maximum deposition rate could reach 15.50 mm/year, which matched the temperature and pressure conditions of 45 ℃ and 70 MPa. The preventive effect of paraffin crystal modifiers greatly exceeds that of paraffin dispersants, with paraffin prevention rates of 85–95% at the optimal concentrations of 0.25–0.50 wt.%. The dissolving paraffin rate can reach 0.0169 g/min. It decreases the paraffin appearance temperature approximately 40% and significantly changes the paraffin crystal morphology. Increased deposition surface area of the cold plate structural design describes the paraffin deposition. This diagram facilitates the reliable identification of paraffin deposition areas and the deposition rates in the wellbore during production. The optimum amounts of BZ and PI paraffin inhibitors are quantified. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the paraffin deposition behavior, and scientific basis and guidance for the selection of paraffin inhibitors in gas-condensate wells.

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Synthesis, characterisation and pre-evaluation of a novel terpolymer as pour point depressants to improve the Malaysian crude oil flowability

Cited by 18 publications

References 59 publications

Effective inhibition of crystal growth during wax deposition using CTAB‐grafted faujasite nanoparticles

Effective inhibition of crystal growth during wax deposition using CTAB‐grafted faujasite nanoparticles

Amidation of Polyethylene-Acrylic Acid Copolymer as Pour Point Depressants for Waxy Crude Oils

Treatment of paraffin deposition behavior in gas-condensate wells with chemical inhibitors

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