Synthesis and Characterization of Polyfumarateurethane Nanoparticles for Sustained Release of Bupivacaine

Abstract

Biodegradable polyfumarateurethane (PFU) for use as a bupivacaine delivery vehicle, synthesized using di-(2-hydroxypropyl fumarate) (DHPF), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI), was designed to be degradable through the hydrolysis and enzymatic degradation of the ester bonds in its polymer backbone. Using a water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion techniques, nanoparticles encapsulating water or fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) were fabricated to avoid the immune system owing to the presence of PEG on their surface. The morphologies of these nanoparticles were characterized by DLS, TEM, FE-SEM, and fluorescent microscopies. The present study explored the encapsulation, loading efficiency and in vitro drug release of bupivacaine encapsulated with biodegradable PFU nanoparticles for the treatment of local anesthesia. Various concentrations of bupivacaine were encapsulated into nanoparticles and their encapsulation efficiencies and drug loading were investigated. Encapsulation efficiency was highest when 2.5% bupivacaine was encapsulated. Drug release behavior from the bupivacaine-loaded PFU nanoparticles followed a sustained release profile.

Paresthesia in dentistry: The ignored neurotoxicity of local anesthetics

“…Recent research has concentrated on decreasing the neurotoxicity of local anesthetics by creating novel drug delivery technologies, such as nanoparticles, liposomes, hydrophobic-based polymers, poly microspheres, injectable paste, and solid polymer [ 131 , 132 ]. These drug delivery systems can extend the duration of local anesthetic effects and lessen neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity, according to numerous animal studies and clinical trials [ [133] , [134] , [135] ]. In addition, local anesthetics are cytotoxic to many different cell types, including T lymphoma cells, human melanoma cell lines, and oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines [ [136] , [137] , [138] , [139] ].…”

Fabrication and Biological Activities of Plasmid DNA Gene Carrier Nanoparticles Based on Biodegradable l-Tyrosine Polyurethane

“…The resulting white viscous residues were dissolved in 9 mL of dichloromethane and precipitated into 100 mL of cold ether. The precipitate was collected and dried under vacuum at room temperature for 2 days to obtain mPEG-b-PLA as a white solid [11,38]. with 0.1% formaldehyde solution in PBS (pH 7.4).…”

“…FITC-BSA LTU NPs were prepared from LTU, mPEG-PLA (with PEG2000), FITC-BSA, and LPEI using the double emulsion (w/o/w) and solvent evaporation techniques [11,26]. Briefly, the gene carrier nanoparticles were fabricated using an initial water-in-oil emulsion of 291 mg of LTU, 3.0 mg of mPEG-PLA dissolved in 10.0 mL of chloroform, and 3.0 mg of LPEI mixed with 3.0 mg of FITC-BSA in 1 mL of autoclaved distilled-deionized water (Table 1).…”

“…These materials have favorable processing, increased hydrolytic degradation, and adjustable swelling properties [10]. LTU is designed to undergo degradation through hydrolysis and enzymatic mechanisms, since the backbone of the polymer contains a peptide bond together with polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a soft segment macrodiol, which minimizes the material cytotoxicity of polyurethanes while simultaneously increasing their flexibility [11][12][13]. These properties of LTU make it promising for gene delivery applications that require the sustained release of DNA throughout the entire lifetime of the cell.…”

Depolymerized Chitosan-g-[Poly(MMA-co-HEMA-cl-EGDMA)] Based Nanogels for Controlled Local Release of Bupivacaine

“…Thus, a safe medical procedure called interventional pain management is required to relieve the pain, in which, one or more pain management techniques such as tissue infiltration, nerve blocks, and neuraxial anesthesia are used with the aid of local anesthetic drugs [5]. Bupivacaine (BPV) is a commonly used long-acting local anesthetic drug used for perioperative pain management, which arrests nerve signal conduction by inhibiting sodium influx, which is essential for the generation and propagation of action potentials in nerve cells [6]. Further it provides extended-duration anesthesia for local infiltration, a peripheral nerve block.…”