Synthesis and characterization of phosphorus‐containing waterborne polyurethanes: Effects of the organophosphonate content on the flame retardancy, morphology, and film properties

Abstract

A series of waterborne polyurethanes (WPUs) with different contents of reactive organophosphonate were well prepared. Their structures were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and 1 H-NMR spectroscopy. Thermogravimetry and derivative thermogravimetry revealed that the WPU films containing phosphorus possessed lower onset and maximum degradation temperatures but higher char yields. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis suggested phase mixing of the hard and soft domains. The mechanical properties decreased with increasing amount of organophosphonate, whereas the limiting oxygen index results of the WPU films indicate that the flame retardancy was improved significantly by the incorporation of organophosphonate. The water uptake values of the organophosphonate-containing WPU films were higher than those of the phosphorusfree ones, whereas the static contact angles of the films indicated that the surface hydrophilic properties were not affected by segmenting in this phosphorus-containing oligomer.

Liquid‐type nucleating agent for improving thermal insulating properties of rigid polyurethane foams by HFC‐365mfc as a blowing agent

“…Since acetone is a low viscosity liquid, it is expected to increase the mixing efficiency when it is added to the polyol mixture. The lower viscosity of the polyol and acetone mixture was expected to form well‐mixed solution and smaller cells . However, acetone did not produce small cells size.…”

Flame retardancy, mechanical, and thermal properties of waterborne polyurethane conjugated with a novel phosphorous-nitrogen intumescent flame retardant

“…These fields require a remarkable flameretardant grade, but the high combustibility is a major drawback of WPU, which restricts its further applications in stringent fire situation, thus, noticeable attention has been paid in controlling the inherent flammability of WPU [4]. Various flame retardants have been developed to improve the flame retardancy of WPU over the years.…”

“…Waterborne polyurethane (WPU) is one of the most rapidly developing environmental friendly materials, which has found extensive commercial applications including coatings and adhesives for automobiles and wood as well as for numerous flexible substrates such as leathers, synthetic leathers, textiles, membranes and rubbers . These fields require a remarkable flame‐retardant grade, but the high combustibility is a major drawback of WPU, which restricts its further applications in stringent fire situation, thus, noticeable attention has been paid in controlling the inherent flammability of WPU . Various flame retardants have been developed to improve the flame retardancy of WPU over the years.…”

A commercial phosphorous–nitrogen containing intumescent flame retardant for thermoplastic polyurethane

“…Therefore, they are considered as desirable halogen‐free flame retardant materials. At present there are some successful commercial IFRs in the world, for example, the Exolit ® series of Clariant and the Melapur ® series of Ciba . Toldy et al used various IFRs to measure the flame retardancy of TPU, containing Exolit AP422, OP550, OP1230, Melapur MC, and so on.…”

“…At present there are some successful commercial IFRs in the world, for example, the Exolit V R series of Clariant and the Melapur V R series of Ciba. [10][11][12] Toldy et al 10 used various IFRs to measure the flame retardancy of TPU, containing Exolit AP422, OP550, OP1230, Melapur MC, and so on. However, to achieve a higher fire retarded classification using traditional phosphorus-based or nitrogen-based IFR additives, more than 20 wt % loadings are needed, and the relatively lower flame retardant efficiency restricts its further application.…”