Synthesis and Characterization of Oxygen Vacancy Induced Narrow Bandgap Tungsten Oxide (WO3−x) Nanoparticles by Plasma Discharge in Liquid and Its Photocatalytic Activity

ZnFe2O4@WO3–X/Polypyrrole: An Efficient Ternary Photocatalytic System for Energy and Environmental Application

“…Diffraction peaks of the synthesized WO 3– X nanoparticles at 23.10, 23.6, and 24.33° are assigned to the (002), (020), and (200) lattice planes of the monoclinic WO 3 , respectively. It has been observed that the diffraction peaks of the WO 3– X nanoparticle are slightly shifted from the standard patterns, and this shift in the peak positions in the WO 3– X suggests the formation of oxygen vacancies in the crystal structure of WO 3 . Additionally, the binary composite ZnFe 2 O 4 @WO 3– X -15% (ZFW15) elucidates the XRD pattern of both the combining specimens, i.e., cubic ZnF and monoclinic WO 3– X nanocapsules, indicating the successful materialization of the binary heterostructure.…”

“…It has been observed that the diffraction peaks of the WO 3−X nanoparticle are slightly shifted from the standard patterns, and this shift in the peak positions in the WO 3−X suggests the formation of oxygen vacancies in the crystal structure of WO 3 . 29 Additionally, the binary composite ZnFe 2 O 4 @WO 3−X -15% (ZFW15) elucidates the XRD pattern of both the combining specimens, i.e., cubic ZnF and monoclinic WO 3−X nanocapsules, indicating the successful materialization of the binary heterostructure. However, after polymerization of the binary hybrid with pyrrol, the formed ternary system ZnFe 2 O 4 @WO 3−X -15%/polypyrrole (PZFW15) shows a similar XRD sequence to that of ZFW15 with a slight reduction in the peak intensity, which is due to the loading of amorphous PPY.…”

Synthesis and applications of WO3 nanosheets: the importance of phase, stoichiometry, and aspect ratio

“…A similar technique was later reported to synthesize WO 3 nanoparticles that were oxygen decient (WO 3Àx ), which the authors attributed to electron bombardment during the arc-discharge. 57 There also exist several reports of metallic tungsten structures deposited through bottom-up routes that are oxidized to form WO 3 nanosheets. Wisitsora-at et al used RF sputtering to deposit a 1 mm thick tungsten lm on Al 2 O 3 , followed by anodization with HNO 3 at 60 C to create lms of WO 3 nanosheets.…”

“…A similar technique was later reported to synthesize WO 3 nanoparticles that were oxygen deficient (WO 3− x ), which the authors attributed to electron bombardment during the arc-discharge. 57 …”

In-Liquid Plasma: A Novel Tool for Nanofabrication

“…A higher gaseous photocatalytic activity towards acetaldehyde degradation to CO 2 of the plasma-treated particles (TiO 2-x ) (91.1%) than the untreated commercial TiO 2 particles (51%) was observed. Boruah et al in 2020 synthesised narrow bandgap tungsten oxide (WO 3-x ) nanoparticles by generating plasma inside deionised water [31]. The reason behind the formation of narrow bandgap nanoparticles was investigated to be the presence of higher amount of oxygen vacancies.…”