Synthesis and Characterization of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPNs) from Acrylated Soybean Oil α-Resorcylic Acid: Part 2. Thermo-Mechanical Properties and Linear Fracture Mechanics

Sibaja, Bernal; Matheus, Camila Pereira; Mendez, Ricardo Ballestero; Farag, Ramsis; Baudrit, José Vega; Auad, Marı́a L.

doi:10.7569/jrm.2017.634114

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…α-Resorcylic acid can be glycidylated to yield a trifunctional epoxy resin glycidyl 3,5-diglycidoxybenzoate (GDGB), which is free from bisphenol-A. In our previous work, synthesis, characterization, curing kinetics and crosslinked systems of GDGB have been thoroughly discussed [13,29,30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Fiber Composite with α-Resorcylic Acid Based Bio-Epoxy Matrix

Barde¹,

Auad²,

Jones³

et al. 2022

ujms

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Comprised of biopolymer matrix and/or bio-fiber reinforcement, bio-composites are environmentally friendly, lightweight, sustainable, and normally biodegradable. Their unique characteristics have enabled them an alternative material for replacing conventional metallic materials and other composites such as glass fiber reinforced composites. This work is focused on developing and characterizing a novel bio-composite that combines a natural fiber reinforcement with a unique α-resorcylic acid-based epoxy bio-resin. Kenaf fiber mats are impregnated with the epoxy bio-resin and compression molded into a bio-composite. Thermal properties of the bio-composite are characterized with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Indentation testing in a micro-scale is conducted on the bio-resin matrix and the fiber cross sections. The elastic modulus of the fiber transverse cross section is found to be 7.8 GPa, higher than that of the bio-epoxy resin, 4.3 GPa. Furthermore, the tension performance of the bio-composite is evaluated and compared with that of a conventional epoxy composite with similar kenaf fiber percentage. The bio-epoxy composite has comparable tensile modulus and strength with the conventional epoxy composite. Finally, the fracture surface of the tested samples is characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and different failure modes, such as fiber fracture, fiber pullout, fiber defibrillation, and matrix fracture, are observed. It is concluded that this novel bio-composite has a great potential to replace conventional epoxy resin based composite for semi-structural applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Fiber Composite with α-Resorcylic Acid Based Bio-Epoxy Matrix

Barde¹,

Auad²,

Jones³

et al. 2022

ujms

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“…[15,16,25] Various studies, such as those by Millar et al and Aylsworth and Edison, have examined the different aspects of IPNs [15,[26][27][28][29] and their synthesis. [30,31] Factors such as the composition of the constituent polymers in the IPNs, the curing processes involved, [31][32][33][34][35] the molecular weight of the polymer precursors, [32] synthesis methods, [33] and utilization of the chemical bonds between the two polymers [36,37] play an essential role in the overall performance of the network. Different approaches to enhance the compatibility of polymers have also been investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical characterization and modeling stress relaxation behavior of acrylic–polyurethane‐based graft‐interpenetrating polymer networks

Alizadeh

Celestine

Auad

et al. 2021

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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The stress relaxation behavior of acrylic-polyurethane (PU)-based graftinterpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) was characterized via dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and modeled using finite element method (FEM) analysis. Stress relaxation of glassy IPN specimens was experimentally studied under flexural testing, while rubbery IPN specimens were tested in tension. The effects of varying the styrene content in the acrylic copolymer phase, compatibility of the two phases in IPNs, and changing the concentration of acrylic copolymer and PU were studied. A higher percentage of styrene content resulted in higher homogeneity of IPN specimens, and decrease in initial modulus for acrylic copolymer specimens. Additionally, glassy IPN specimens with 90% styrene shows resistance to relaxation as high as acrylic copolymer samples. Experimental results were used to develop a numerical model to study stress relaxation response of specimens. While polymer systems have been

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“…Extensive research on this topic has also been performed by the authors. 23,24 In previous studies, the effects of various parameters such as curing profile, composition of the two polymer systems, 5,7,[25][26][27] substitution of aliphatic and aromatic isocyanate, 25 impact of the molecular weight of diol, 7 simultaneous and sequential polymerization method 25 and using chemical bonds to synthesize graft-IPNs 28 have been studied. Overall, these studies suggested IPNs containing aliphatic isocyanate with 1400 g mol −1 diol and following a sequential synthetic method and with chemical bonds between the two phases presented better transparency and thermomechanical properties due to reduced phase separation from improved compatibility provided between the two phases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous groups have studied IPN systems, such as those of Millar 19 and Aylsworth and Edison, 10, 12, 20–22 who have utilized different monomers to investigate various aspects of IPNs. Extensive research on this topic has also been performed by the authors 23, 24 . In previous studies, the effects of various parameters such as curing profile, composition of the two polymer systems, 5, 7, 25–27 substitution of aliphatic and aromatic isocyanate, 25 impact of the molecular weight of diol, 7 simultaneous and sequential polymerization method 25 and using chemical bonds to synthesize graft‐IPNs 28 have been studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐fracture‐toughness acrylic–polyurethane‐based graft‐interpenetrating polymer networks for transparent applications

Alizadeh

Barde

Minkler

et al. 2020

Polymer International

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Transparent materials with robust mechanical properties are essential for numerous applications and require careful manipulation of polymer chemistry. Here, polyurethane (PU) and acrylic-based copolymers out of styrene were utilized to synthesize transparent PU-acrylic graft-interpenetrating polymer networks (graft-IPNs) for the first time. In these materials, PU imparts greater flexibility, while the acrylic copolymer increases rigidity and glass transition temperature of the graft-IPNs. Kinetics of the graft-IPN synthesis was monitored using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1 H NMR spectroscopy through the conversion of the isocyanate group. System compatibility, degree of phase separation and material transparency were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy and UV-visible spectroscopy. Overall, higher compatibility is observed at a higher percentage of styrene in the acrylate copolymer. The thermomechanical properties of the IPNs were quantified using dynamic mechanical analysis to assess the effect of the acrylic copolymer content on fracture toughness of the resulting graft-IPNs. The high fracture toughness of the graft-IPNs, coupled with excellent transparency, demonstrates the potential of these systems for high-performance applications.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPNs) from Acrylated Soybean Oil α-Resorcylic Acid: Part 2. Thermo-Mechanical Properties and Linear Fracture Mechanics

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Natural Fiber Composite with α-Resorcylic Acid Based Bio-Epoxy Matrix

Natural Fiber Composite with α-Resorcylic Acid Based Bio-Epoxy Matrix

Mechanical characterization and modeling stress relaxation behavior of acrylic–polyurethane‐based graft‐interpenetrating polymer networks

High‐fracture‐toughness acrylic–polyurethane‐based graft‐interpenetrating polymer networks for transparent applications

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