Synthesis and Characterization of Graphite Oxide, Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide from Graphite Waste using Modified Hummers’s Method and Zinc as Reducing Agent

Kusrini, Eny; Suhrowati, Atik; Usman, Anwar; Khalil, Munawar; Degirmenci, Volkan

doi:10.14716/ijtech.v10i6.3639

Cited by 22 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared by a modified Hummer method [ 47 ]. Three grams of graphite and 18 g of potassium permanganate (1:6 by weight) were thoroughly mixed together in a 1 L beaker.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Optimization of PEGylated Nano Graphene Oxide-Based Delivery System for Drugs with Different Molecular Structures Using Design of Experiment (DoE)

et al. 2021

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Graphene oxide (GO), due to its 2D planar structure and favorable physical and chemical properties, has been used in different fields including drug delivery. This study aimed to investigate the impact of different process parameters on the average size of drug-loaded PEGylated nano graphene oxide (NGO-PEG) particles using design of experiment (DoE) and the loading of drugs with different molecular structures on an NGO-PEG-based delivery system. GO was prepared from graphite, processed using a sonication method, and functionalized using PEG 6000. Acetaminophen (AMP), diclofenac (DIC), and methotrexate (MTX) were loaded onto NGO-PEG particles. Drug-loaded NGO-PEG was then characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), XRD. The DLS data showed that the drug-loaded NGO-PEG suspensions were in the size range of 200 nm–1.3 µm. The sonication time and the stirring rate were found to be the major process parameters which affected the average size of the drug-loaded NGO-PEG. FTIR, DSC, XRD, and SEM demonstrated that the functionalization or coating of the NGO occurred through physical interaction using PEG 6000. Methotrexate (MTX), with the highest number of aromatic rings, showed the highest loading efficiency of 95.6% compared to drugs with fewer aromatic rings (diclofenac (DIC) 70.5% and acetaminophen (AMP) 65.5%). This study suggests that GO-based nano delivery systems can be used to deliver drugs with multiple aromatic rings with a low water solubility and targeted delivery (e.g., cancer).

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Optimization of PEGylated Nano Graphene Oxide-Based Delivery System for Drugs with Different Molecular Structures Using Design of Experiment (DoE)

et al. 2021

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“…The oxidation reaction produces a greenish-black mixture which indicates the oxidation process (Kusrini, 2018). In addition to perfecting the intercalation of graphite and sulfuric acid, the addition of KMnO4 also helps in graphite oxidation.…”

Section: Graphene Oxidementioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Enriched Natural Kaolinite Clay and Its Application For Biodiesel Production

Syukri

Fadhil

Rilda

et al. 2020

Int. J. Renew. Energy Dev.

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A heterogeneous catalyst is one type of catalyst which is very effective for biodiesel production; thus, in this study, a novel heterogeneous bifunctional catalyst was prepared by kaolinite clay obtained from Padang of West Sumatera and impregnated with graphene oxide and potassium hydroxide (KOH) for the simultaneous esterification and transesterification reactions of palm oil into biodiesel. For comparison, two other catalysts were also prepared. The first catalyst was the same clay which was heated at 450ºC for 4 hours, and the second catalyst was the same clay which was impregnated with potassium hydroxide (KOH) only. The three catalysts were characterized using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR). XRF analysis showed that the clay sample’s main composition consisted of 54% silica, 35% alumina, and 7% hematite. The XRD analysis results showed that the most dominant crystal composition was quartz, kaolinite, and hematite. The analysis results using FTIR showed a change in intensity and shift in wave numbers indicating a cation exchange. The catalytic activity test was carried out with a ratio of oil and methanol 1:6, catalyst amount 5%, 60ºC reaction temperature, and 4 hours of reaction time.The results showed that the catalytic activity of clays impregnated with graphene oxide and potassium hydroxide was better with a yield of 58% compared to clays without impregnation and other clays that were only impregnated with KOH under the yields of 0.8% and 0.4%, respectively

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“…Graphene is widely used in electrochemical sensor production and holds great promise as an ideal candidate for sensing platforms. Materials based on graphene play an important role in every part of the environment (Arifutzzaman et al, 2019;Kusrini et al, 2019). Graphene is one of the greatest of recently studied materials, particularly in the field of electronics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amperometric Detection of Dopamine based on a Graphene Oxide/PEDOT:PSS Composite Electrode

Hardi¹,

Rahman²

2020

IJTech

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Dopamine (DA) is a hormone and a neurotransmitter that plays many important roles within the brain and body. It is an organic compound in the catecholamines and phenethylamines groups. A considerable effort has been made since its discovery, and numerous techniques for DA detection have been developed. Graphene and its derivatives have great potential for the development of sensors and biosensors. Since it has excellent characteristics, such as good conductivity and a large surface area, a graphene-based biosensor is expected to have high sensitivity, selectivity, and long-term stability characteristics. Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized using a chemical method through graphite oxidation. Graphene oxide/poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly (4-styrenesulfonate) (GO/PEDOT:PSS) composite films were prepared using an electropolymerization method on the surface of the working electrode. The properties of this composite electrode were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The performance of the composite film was evaluated using three-electrode systems that consisted of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modifying a composite film electrode as a working electrode, a platinum electrode as an auxiliary electrode, and Ag/AgCl as a reference electrode. The variation of the composite electrode was applied and evaluated to DA electrochemical sensing. The GO/PEDOT:PSS-modified electrode also exhibits high performance with a low detection limit of 1 μM. The results obtained have shown that GO/PEDOT:PSS/GCE composites are promising candidates for modifying electrode material used in electrochemical sensing.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Graphite Oxide, Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide from Graphite Waste using Modified Hummers’s Method and Zinc as Reducing Agent

Cited by 22 publications

References 24 publications

Preparation and Optimization of PEGylated Nano Graphene Oxide-Based Delivery System for Drugs with Different Molecular Structures Using Design of Experiment (DoE)

Preparation and Optimization of PEGylated Nano Graphene Oxide-Based Delivery System for Drugs with Different Molecular Structures Using Design of Experiment (DoE)

Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Enriched Natural Kaolinite Clay and Its Application For Biodiesel Production

Amperometric Detection of Dopamine based on a Graphene Oxide/PEDOT:PSS Composite Electrode

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