Synthesis and characterization of bio‐based PA/EP interpenetrating network polymer as coating material for controlled release fertilizers

Abstract

A novel controlled release fertilizer was developed using interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) as the coating material. The IPN was successfully sprayed on the surface of the urea particles to form IPN-coated fertilizers (IPNCU) for controlled nitrogen release. The IPN was synthesized by bio-based polyamide (PA) from D-glucaric acid and epoxy (EP) through network interpenetrating. The chemical structure and microscopic morphology characteristics of IPN were examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1 Hnuclear magnetic resonance, and scanning electron microscopy. The property of IPN with the different PA/EP mass ratios were investigated and compared with that of EP-coated fertilizers (EPCU). The nutrient release behaviors of IPNCU in water and soil were detected. The results showed that the IPNCU with 5% PA content increased the nitrogen release longevity by 41 days, raised the water contact angle of surface by 23.98, and then significantly slowed the nitrogen release rate of the IPNCU. The nutrient release mechanism of IPNCU was discussed in detail. This work indicated that the environment-friendly IPN with superior controlled release properties could be especially useful in horticultural and agricultural applications.

Bio-based Polyurethane Based on a Dynamic Covalent Network with Damage Tolerance for Controlled Release of Fertilizers

“…Sustainable green materials derived from biomass resources have attracted giant attention in replacing fossil energy and petrochemical products, , where bio-based polyurethanes are widely used in controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) coating. − Bio-based polyurethane coatings control the release of nutrients by delaying nutrient dissolution by water, which is conducive to coordinating nutrient supply with crop demand, thus improving utilization and reducing waste of fertilizer resources. − In recent years, many biomaterials such as castor oil, lignin, and starch have been successfully used as bio-based coatings for the production of bio-based polyurethane CRF (BPCF). Many different strategies have been used to improve the controlled-release properties of BPCFs, such as overcoming hydrophilicity by replacing hydrophilic surface coatings with rough surface structures or superhydrophobic coatings with low-energy surfaces. − Interpenetrating network technology and self-healing technology can reduce the number of emerging micropores and channels present in bio-based coatings. ,, The bio-based polyurethane currently used as waterproof coatings to control the release of fertilizers has a highly cross-linked structure that is fragile and limits its industrial applications in the field of CRF coatings. Therefore, it is of great significance for BPCF to develop a tough and unbreakable coating.…”

“…7−9 In recent years, many biomaterials such as castor oil, 10 lignin, 11 and starch 12 have been successfully used as biobased coatings for the production of bio-based polyurethane CRF (BPCF). Many different strategies have been used to improve the controlled-release properties of BPCFs, 13 such as overcoming hydrophilicity by replacing hydrophilic surface coatings with rough surface structures or superhydrophobic coatings with low-energy surfaces. 14−16 Interpenetrating network technology and self-healing technology can reduce the number of emerging micropores and channels present in biobased coatings.…”

Preparation and Characterization of Environmentally Friendly Controlled Release Fertilizers Coated by Leftovers-Based Polymer

“…Therefore, in recent years, SF has gradually been used to prepare hydrogels [12], bioplastics [13] and biogas [10,14,15]. Controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) had been widely applied in many plants over the past decades, as they increased fertilizer efficiency and crop yield, and minimized environmental pollution resulting from lost fertilizers [16][17][18]. These CRFs were usually prepared by coating obtained, respectively.…”

Novel interpenetrating polymer network composed of poly(butyl acrylates) and poly(ethyl-hexyl acrylate)

“…While both polymerizations proceed simultaneously, the reactions ratios are rarely identical. The notion of IPNs containing two polymers, or more, chemically different was developed and there are approximately 400 documents published each year on this type of material [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. They are now promising candidate materials in engineering [15], Drug Delivery [16], biomedical and industrial fields [17].…”