Synthesis and Characteristic of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Baobab (Adansonia Digitata L.) Fruit Shell

Abstract

Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) fruit shell was used as the raw material to produce cellulose. A 37.67 % of cellulose was successfully extracted from baobab fruit shell through sodium hydroxide (NaOH) pre-treatment and acidified sodium chlorite delignification. Cellulose was then converted to carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) by etherification process using monochloroacetic acid (MCA), and various sodium hydroxide concentrations (20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 g/100 ml), in isopropyl alcohol (IPA) medium. The synthesized CMC yield increased with increasing amounts of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration for the alkalization step. Structural information of cellulose and CMC was obtained using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and the surface morphology was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The carboxymethylation process of cellulose was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy. The presence of a new and strong absorption band at 1600.92 cm-1 for all CMCs samples is due to the COO‾ group, which substitutes OH groups at anhydroglucose unit (AGU). The degree of crystallinity for BFS cellulose was calculated to be 60.6% while the crystal size was calculated to be 31.12 nm. XRD analysis confirmed that CMC crystallinity was reduced remarkably compared with cellulose. The viscosity average molecular weight (Mη) of baobab fruit shell cellulose obtained by Mark-Houwink equation using intrinsic viscosity data is 51,024 g mol-1. The optimum condition for carboxymethylation was found to be 35 g/100 ml NaOH, which provided the highest viscosity average molecular weight (Mη=39,241 g mol-1) and degree of substitution (DS = 0.94). The characteristic features of synthesized CMC suggest the possibilities of utilization as food additive.

Blends of nitrophenylmaleimide isomers with carboxymethylcellulose for the preparation of supramolecular polymers

“…Using the Huggins method, the intrinsic viscosity value (134.78 mL/g) was determined from the CMC solution. Then, the Mark-Houwink-Sakurada equation was applied to this value, resulting in a K value of 2.10 × 10 −3 mL/g and α values of 0.83 (constants for the polymer-solvent-temperature system) [ 10 , 42 ]. Table 3 presents the values of intrinsic viscosities (η) and approximate molecular masses in viscosity (Mv) for the CMC solutions with and without phenylmaleimide.…”

“…On the other hand, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is an ether obtained from cellulose and monochloroacetic acid or by the addition of alkaline cellulose to sodium monochloroacetate [ 9 , 10 ]. Polymer chains of CMC monomers are formed by linking them through 1,4-glycosidic bonds.…”

IR SPECTRUMS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF Na-CMC FOUND IN SEVERAL TYPES OF PLANTS: A REVIEW

“…Samples were ground in the Kinematic M20 universal plant to pass through a 60-80 mesh standard sieve. Samples were then stored in closed polyethylene storage bags and randomized by shaking the bottles thoroughly before each aliquot was removed for analysis 25 .…”

“…Infrared spectroscopy is one of the most versatile techniques used in chemistry and certainly one of the most important analytical methods available. It is a versatile experimental technique, and it is relatively easy to obtain a reliable spectrum from a sample in almost any situation 25 .…”

Iron–Carboxymethyl Sawdust for the Removal of Inorganic Phosphate from Water

“…This is accomplished through a Williamson etherification of cellulose alkoxides with MCA. A variety of lignocellulosic precursors can be used, including sawdust. − Sawdust is a composite of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The conversion to CMC removes the hemicellulose and lignin components to leave a pure, powdered cellulose derivative.…”