Synthesis and characterisation of laboratory-charred grass straw (Oryza sativa) and chestnut wood (Castanea sativa) as reference materials for black carbon quantification

Charcoal does not change the decomposition rate of mixed litters in a mineral cambisol: a controlled conditions study

“…The charcoal was 76 produced at 450°C for 5 hours under N 2 , according to the procedure proposed by 77 (Hammes et al 2006). Each organic substrate was dried at 40°C and grounded to < 1 mm 78 particle size.…”

Extraneous Carbon Assessments in Radiocarbon Measurements of Black Carbon in Environmental Matrices

“…Two types of dead and modern process standards were used to facilitate comparative analyses of BC: 1) laboratory-produced BCrich and 2) BC-containing environmental matrices containing fine siliceous clays and heavy metals. Grass char (Oryza sativa) and wood char (Castanea sativa) BC standards were used as modern standards to estimate the 14 C-depleted C ex added during processing (Elmquist et al 2004;Hammes et al 2006). A 14 C-depleted standard, hexane soot (Akhter et al 1985;Goldberg 1985;Hammes et al 2007) was also used to estimate modern C ex .…”

Stability and carbon isotope changes of soot and char materials during thermal oxidation: Implication for quantification and source appointment

“…At high combustion temperatures, the thermally resistant phase was broken apart and quickly oxidized, resulting in a steep drop of TOC% on the thermograms. The two biomass chars including wood char and grass char were solid residues of biomass during combustion, and it retains some plant chemical structures and morphology (Goldberg, 1985;Hammes et al, 2006). The broader temperature spread of biomass chars reflected a relatively heterogeneous set of reactive sites.…”