Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 2',3'-Dideoxy-L-pyrimidine Nucleosides as Potential Antiviral Agents against Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

Abstract

Various 2',3'-dideoxy-L-cytidine,2',3'-dideoxy-L-uridine, and 3'-deoxy-L-thymidine analogues have been synthesized and evaluated in vitro as potential anti-HIV and anti-HBV agents. Coupling of 1-O-acetyl-5-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2,3-dideoxy-L-ribofuranose (1) with silylated derivatives of 5-fluorocytosine, cytosine, 5-fluorouracil, uracil, and thymine in the presence of ethylaluminum dichloride gave the corresponding nucleosides 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, and 18 as a mixture of alpha- and beta-anomers, which were then deblocked to yield the corresponding 2',3'-dideoxy-L-5-fluorocytidine derivatives, 6 and 7, 2',3'-dideoxy-L-cytidine derivatives, 8 and 9, 2',3'-dideoxy-beta-L-fluorouridine (13), 2',3'-dideoxy-beta-L-uridine (14), and 3'-deoxy-L-thymidine derivatives, 15 and 19. Among these 2',3'-dideoxy-L-nucleoside analogues, 2',3'-dideoxy-beta-L-5-fluorocytidine (6, beta-L-FddC) was found to be the most active against HIV-1, which is approximately 3 and 4 times more active against HIV-1 in vitro than 2',3'-dideoxy-beta-D-cytidine (ddC) and 2',3'-dideoxy-beta-D-5-fluorocytidine (beta-D-FddC) with ED50 values of 0.5, 1.5, and 2 microM, respectively. The dose-limiting toxicity of ddC is severe neuropathy which may be caused by the inhibition of the synthesis of mitochondrial DNA. ddC has an IC50 value of 0.022 microM against host mitochondrial DNA synthesis. Conversely, the IC50 values for beta-L-FddC and beta-L-ddC are > 100 microM; therefore, neuropathy may not present itself to be a problem with beta-L-FddC and beta-L-ddC as chemotherapeutic agents. In addition, beta-L-FddC and 2',3'-dideoxy-beta-L-cytidine (8, beta-L-ddC) demonstrated equally potent activity against HBV in vitro by having the same ED50 value of 0.01 microM. Both beta-L-FddC and beta-L-ddC, which have an "unnatural" L-configuration in the sugar moiety, are approximately 1000 and 280 times more potent, respectively, against HBV than the D-configuration beta-D-FddC and ddC which have an ED50 values of 10 and 2.8 microM. In view of the potent antiviral activity of beta-L-FddC against both HIV-1 and HBV and potent antiviral activity of beta-L-ddC against HBV in vitro, their low cytotoxicity, and especially the negligible inhibitory effect on host mitochondrial DNA synthesis, beta-L-FddC and beta-L-ddC merit further development as potential anti-HIV and anti-HBV agents.

The Effect of Absolute Configuration on the Anti-HIV and Anti-HBV Activity of Nucleoside Analogues

“…Evaluation of anti-HIV activity of the 1-~-L and 1-~-D enantiomers of ddC by four different groups has produced variable results. Van Draan.en et al (1994) reported similar IC so values for the 1-~-L and 1-~-D enantiomers (2.2 and 3.6 uM, respectively), while Lin et al (1994) and Mansuri et al (1991) reported significantly more activity for the 1-~-L enantiomer. Okabe et al (1991) saw no activity for 1-~-L ddC.…”

“…There was not a striking difference in the cytotoxicity of the two enantiomers (Okabe et al, 1988;Mansuri etal., 1991;Lin etal., 1994;Van Draaken etal., 1994). Against HBV, Van Draanen et al (1994) reported 1-~-L ddC to be 28-fold more potent than the 1-~-D enantiomer, whereas Lin et al (1994) reported a 280-fold difference. The antiviral activity of the 1-~-D and 1-~-L enantiomers of 5-F-2'3-ddC have been determined for HIV and HBV (Lin et et., 1994).…”

“…Against HBV, Van Draanen et al (1994) reported 1-~-L ddC to be 28-fold more potent than the 1-~-D enantiomer, whereas Lin et al (1994) reported a 280-fold difference. The antiviral activity of the 1-~-D and 1-~-L enantiomers of 5-F-2'3-ddC have been determined for HIV and HBV (Lin et et., 1994). Against HIV and HBV the 1-~-L enantiomer was the more potent with IC so values of 0.5 and 0.01 uM, respectively, versus IC so values of 2 uM for HIV and 10 uM for HBV with the 1-~ D enantiomer (Lin et ei., 1994) (Table 1).…”

“…c Data taken from Mansuri et al (1989 and1991). d Data are taken from Lin et al (1994) e Data provided by D. Averett. (Personal communication) Miller et al (1992).…”

“…1d) and 5-F-2'3'-ddC (Fig. 1e) have also been separated and evaluated for anti-HIV and HBV activity, and cytotoxicity (Okabe et al, 1988;Mansuri et el., 1991;Lin et al, 1994;Van Draaken et et., 1994). Evaluation of anti-HIV activity of the 1-~-L and 1-~-D enantiomers of ddC by four different groups has produced variable results.…”