Synthese und Eigenschaften von (Phthalocyaninato)germanium‐Schwefel‐Verbindungen

Phthalocyanines, a class of organic dyes, were discovered in 1907 and today are the main organic blue and green pigments in the industry. Phthalocyanines form complexes with a variety of chemical elements. The most important phthalocyanine, copper phthalocyanine, is produced worldwide. Synthesis usually starts with phthalodinitrile and metal or phthalic anhydride, urea, and metal salts as the starting materials. The reactions can be carried out in a solvent or at higher temperatures in a dry state. The chemical stability and physical properties have stimulated applications of phthalocyanines in fields like semiconductors, catalysts, lasers, and lubricants. However, 90% of the phthalocyanines are used as pigments for printing inks, paints, coatings, plastics, textile, and spin dyeing industries. Phthalocyanine dyes are predominantly used for dyeing of textiles, paper, and leather. The predominant phthalocyanine derivatives are formed with halogens (green pigments), sulfonic acids, and sulfonyl chlorides (dyes).

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Phthalocyanines

Löbbert¹

2000

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry

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The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Physical Properties 2.1. General Data 2.2. Particle Size 2.3. Color Properties 2.4. Crystal Structure and Polymorphism 2.5. Surface and Interfacial Properties 2.6. Other Physical Investigations 3. Chemical Properties 3.1. Oxidation 3.2. Reduction 3.3. Catalytic Properties 4. Production 4.1. General Synthetic Methods 4.2. Reaction Mechanism 4.3. Industrial Production 4.3.1. Copper Phthalocyanine 4.3.2. Phthalocyanine 4.4. Pigment Finishing 4.4.1. Finishing by Treatment with Acid 4.4.2. Finishing by Grinding 4.5. Stabilization of Phthalocyanines 5. Phthalocyanine Derivatives 5.1. Halogenated Phthalocyanines 5.2. Phthalocyanine Sulfonic Acids and Sulfonyl Chlorides 5.3. Chloromethylphthalocyanines 5.4. Phthalocyanines with Other Substituents 5.5. Polymeric Phthalocyanines 5.6. Phthalocyanine Analogues 6. Legal Aspects and Environmental Protection 7. Quality Specifications and Analysis 8. Uses 8.1. Phthalocyanine Pigments 8.2. Phthalocyanine Dyes 9. Economic Aspects 10. Toxicology and Occupational Health

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Synthese und Eigenschaften von (Phthalocyaninato)germanium‐Schwefel‐Verbindungen

Cited by 19 publications

References 11 publications

Tribute to Professor Dr Michael Hanack

Tribute to Professor Dr Michael Hanack

Phthalocyanine Compounds

Phthalocyanines

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