Phthalocyanines

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Physical Properties 2.1. General Data 2.2. Particle Size 2.3. Color Properties 2.4. Crystal Structure and Polymorphism 2.5. Surface and Interfacial Properties 2.6. Other Physical Investigations 3. Chemical Properties 3.1. Oxidation 3.2. Reduction 3.3. Catalytic Properties 4. Production 4.1. General Synthetic Methods 4.2. Reaction Mechanism 4.3. Industrial Production 4.3.1. Copper Phthalocyanine 4.3.2. Phthalocyanine 4.4. Pigment Finishing 4.4.1. Finishing by Treatment with Acid 4.4.2. Finishing by Grinding 4.5. Stabilization of Phthalocyanines 5. Phthalocyanine Derivatives 5.1. Halogenated Phthalocyanines 5.2. Phthalocyanine Sulfonic Acids and Sulfonyl Chlorides 5.3. Chloromethylphthalocyanines 5.4. Phthalocyanines with Other Substituents 5.5. Polymeric Phthalocyanines 5.6. Phthalocyanine Analogues 6. Legal Aspects and Environmental Protection 7. Quality Specifications and Analysis 8. Uses 8.1. Phthalocyanine Pigments 8.2. Phthalocyanine Dyes 9. Economic Aspects 10. Toxicology and Occupational Health

A manganese catalyst for highly reactive yet chemoselective intramolecular C(sp3)–H amination

“…Notably, both iron and manganese porphyrin catalysts, among the first catalysts shown to be competent for metallonitrene based C—H amination 28 , exhibited significantly lower reactivity with this challenging substrate (entries 3 and 4). The enhanced reactivity for an electrophilic C—H amination reaction may be attributed to an electronic difference between these ligands, as evidence suggests that phthalocyanines are significantly better π-acceptor ligands and may lead to enhanced electrophilicity at the metal center 29,30 . Addition of molecular sieves significantly improved reactivity with both 10 mol% and 5 mol% catalyst 2 , affording 60% and 58% of 5 , respectively (entries 9, 10).…”

Tuning the Structure and Photophysics of a Fluorous Phthalocyanine Platform

“…1,2 In addition to accounting for a large percentage of organic dyes currently in production, 3 Pcs are also routinely investigated for applications ranging from solar energy conversion 4–9 to thin film electronics 10–15 to photodynamic therapy. 16–21 The chemical and thermal stability of these compounds are augmented by diverse photonic properties, including remarkably high molar extinction coefficients and fluorescence efficiencies.…”

The synthesis of graphene oxide covalently linked with nickel tetraamino phthalocyanine: A photoelectrochemical sensor for the analysis of rifampicin irradiated with blue light

“…In comparison, electrochemical detection exhibits the advantages of high sensitivity, good reproducibility, simplicity of device fabrication, low detection limit, and low cost. [20][21][22] In particular, phthalocyanine (Pc) is an organic ligand with a porphyrin-like structure [23,24] forming numerous macrocyclic metal complexes, which have recently emerged as promising materials for catalytic dehydrogenation, photoelectric conversion, biological simulation, and fuel cell operation due to exhibiting excellent catalytic activity and photochemical, thermal, and chemical stability. The design of suitable PEC-sensing materials is necessary for the development of highperformance RIF analysis techniques.…”