Synopsis of symptoms of COVID-19 during second wave of the pandemic in India

Abstract

COVID-19 was caused by the original coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV2), which originated in Wuhan, China. COVID-19 had a large breakout of cases in early 2020, resulting in an epidemic that turned into a pandemic. This quickly enveloped the global healthcare system. The principal testing method for COVID-19 detection, according to the WHO, is reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Isolation of patients, quarantine, masking, social distancing, sanitizer use, and complete lockdown were all vital health-care procedures for everyone. With the ‘new normal’ and vaccination programmes, the number of cases and recovered patients began to rise months later. The easing of restrictions during the plateau phase resulted in a rebound of instances, which hit the people with more ferocity and vengeance towards the start of April 2021. Coronaviruses have evolved to cause respiratory, enteric, hepatic, and neurologic diseases, resulting in a wide range of diseases and symptoms such as fever, cough, myalgia or fatigue, shortness of breath, muscle ache, headache, sore throat, rhinorrhea, hemoptysis, chest pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, anosmia, and ageusia. Coronavirus infections can be mild, moderate, or severe in intensity. COVID-19 pulmonary dysfunction includes lung edoema, ground-glass opacities, surfactant depletion, and alveolar collapse. Patients who presented with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms such as anorexia, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhoea had a higher risk of negative outcomes. COVID-19’s influence on cognitive function is one of COVID-19’s long-term effects. More clinical situations need to be reviewed by healthcare professionals so that an appropriate management protocol may be developed to reduce morbidity and death in future coming third/fourth wave cases.

A Preliminary Survey on the Oral Manifestation of COVID-19 in the First and Second Waves in Bhubaneswar, City of Odisha, India

“…A similar result was reported in the change of mouth/mucosa color, with 13% reporting a change in mouth/mucosa color, dry mouth, loss of taste, bleeding gums, tooth pain, burning sensation in the mouth, mouth ulcers, severe tooth mobility/loosening, no symptoms, or any other oral traits were categorized. 8,9 Our study also found that dryness of the mouth was 36 (17.1%) in the second wave, compared to 4 (2.4%) in the first wave, pvalue 0.236. Similarly, with a significant p-value of 0.001, the loss of taste feature was 81(38.6 %) in the second wave and 52 (31.3%) in the first wave of COVID infection.…”

“…14 In India, both the first and second waves of COVID infection led to an increase in oral manifestations. 8,9 In our study in eastern India, we also observed a variety of oral characteristics, such as dry mouth, bleeding gums, loss of taste, tooth discomfort, throat pain, tooth mobility, etc. It may not be the direct manifestation of COVID 19, but in the survey, patients reported increased dental visits after COVID-19 infection with symptoms, particularly in the second wave.…”

“…7 There was a significant difference in general symptoms in the first wave, which were primarily fever, cough, and loss of taste, but there was more epithelial involvement in the second wave, which included skin rash, conjunctivitis, sore throat, oral ulcers, xerostomia, malaise, and neurological disorders. 8,9 The SARS-CoV-2 virus enters human cells through ACE2 receptors found in the mouth and upper respiratory tract epithelial cells in the nasal cavity. It can also be found in the tongue, digestive system, and saliva, all of which are notable microbe reservoirs.…”

Physical Activity: A Key to Uphold Immune Functions during COVID-19 Pandemic

“…COVID-19 transmission by infected, asymptomatic persons has been recorded since the outbreak's early offering significant COVID-19 containment issues. [9] During COVID-19 lockdown/confinement scenarios, exercise has been shown to prevent institutionalized older persons from functional decline. [10,11] Strength training improves both morphological (increasing the number of sarcomeres in parallel, increasing the synthesis of contractile assemblies of actin and myosin, and changing the composition of muscle fibers) and neural (improving neurological system and inter-muscular coordination) factors, as well as regulating the whole body metabolism.…”

SARS‐CoV‐2 variants and spike mutations involved in second wave of COVID‐19 pandemic in India

“…In India, the second wave of COVID‐19 emerged in March 2021 (and started declining towards August 2021), with a new set of symptoms affecting the gastrointestinal system along with the previous (first wave) symptoms that primarily included respiratory problems (Kamble et al., 2021 ). Oxygen requirement, mortality rate and the disease‐spreading rate increased during the second wave even though vaccines like COVAXIN (inactivated whole virus vaccine) and COVISHIELD (adenovirus vectored vaccine) were available and in use since January 2021 (albeit in initial stages by the time second wave emerged in India).…”