Synergistic Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effect of Artichoke, Fig, Blackberry Herbal Mixture on HepG2 Cells and Their Metabolic Profiling Using NMR Coupled with Chemometrics

Abstract

The edible plants have long been reported to possess a lot of biological activities. Herein, the hepatoprotective and the antioxidant activities of the aqueous infusion of the edible parts of Cynara cardunculus, Ficus carica, and Morus nigra and their herbal mixture (CFM) was investigated in vitro using CCl induced damage in HepG2 cells. The highest amelioration was observed via the consumption of CFM at 1 mg/ml showing 47.00% and 37.09% decline in aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase and 77.32% and 101.02% increase in reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase comparable to CCl treated cells. Metabolic profiling of their aqueous infusions was done using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic experiments coupled with chemometrics particularly hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). The structural closeness of the various metabolites existing in black berry and the mixture as reflected in the PCA score plot and HCA processed from the H-NMR spectral data could eventually explained the close values in their biological behavior. For fig and artichoke, the existence of different phenolic metabolites that act synergistically could greatly interpret their potent biological behavior. Thus, it can be concluded that a herbal mixture composed of black berry, artichoke, and fig could afford an excellent natural candidate to combat oxidative stress and counteract hepatic toxins owing to its phenolic compounds.

Comparison of Polyphenol Profile and Antimutagenic and Antioxidant Activities in Two Species Used as Source of Solidaginis herba – Goldenrod

“…[26] Caffeoylquinic phenolics are responsible for beneficial effects also in related asteracean herbs such as the well-known artichoke [27] and their content could extend the traditional indications of Solidaginis herba. An in vivo study showed that essentially four compounds: 3,4,5-O-tricaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acids, 3,4-O-dicaffeoylquinic acids, and 4,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acids are responsible for this activity.…”

Pharmacological Properties of Morus nigra L. (Black Mulberry) as A Promising Nutraceutical Resource

“…Hepatoprotective activity of M. nigra fruits in carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 , a well-known potent hepatotoxin)-treated HepG2 cells [67] and adult male Sprague-Dawley rats [68] have been reported. Extracts of M. nigra fruits dose-dependently and significantly reduced levels of hepatic enzymes AST, ALT and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) compared to control (CCl 4 -treated group).…”

“…Extracts of M. nigra fruits dose-dependently and significantly reduced levels of hepatic enzymes AST, ALT and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) compared to control (CCl 4 -treated group). At the same time, they significantly increased SOD and gluatathione peroxidase (GPx) enzymatic capacities and decreased expression levels and activities hepatic capsase-3 (a biomarker for cell apoptosis) and 8-oxo-2’-deoxyguanosine (a biomarker for oxidative stress) in rat liver tissues, indicating that the hepatoprotective effect of M. nigra fruits might be closely associated with its antioxidant activity [67,68].…”

Investigation of the Interaction of Herbal Ingredients Contained in Triphala Recipe Using Simplex Lattice Design: Chemical Analysis Point of View

“…Synergistic effects or positive interaction of drugs or herbal plants enhance therapeutic effects or biological activities by some positive interactions among their different components [11]. The synergism is reported among herbal plants in numerous studies [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. In some reports, herbal extract, as well as herbal plant, is synergized with some modern medicines, especially, essential oils with antibiotic [20][21][22].…”