Synergistic effects of immunoregulation and osteoinduction of ds-block elements on titanium surface

Abstract

Ds-block elements have been gaining increasing attention in the field of biomaterials modification, owing to their excellent biological properties, such as antibiosis, osteogenesis, etc. However, their function mechanisms are not well understood and conflicting conclusions were drawn by previous studies on this issue, which are mainly resulted from the inconsistent experimental conditions. In this work, three most widely used ds-block elements, copper, zinc, and silver were introduced on titanium substrate by plasma immersion ion implantation method to investigate the rule of ds-block elements in the immune responses. Results showed that the implanted samples could decrease the inflammatory responses compared with Ti sample. The trend of anti-inflammatory effects of macrophages on samples was in correlation with cellular ROS levels, which was induced by the implanted biomaterials and positively correlated with the number of valence electrons of ds-block elements. The co-culture experiments of macrophages and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells showed that these two kinds of cells could enhance the anti-inflammation and osteogenesis of samples by the paracrine manner of PGE2. In general, in their steady states on titanium substrate (Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Ag), the ds-block elements with more valence electrons exhibit better anti-inflammatory and osteogenic effects. Moreover, molecular biology experiments indicate that the PGE2-related signaling pathway may contribute to the desired immunoregulation and osteoinduction capability of ds-block elements. These findings suggest a correlation between the number of valence electrons of ds-block elements and the relevant biological responses, which provides new insight into the selection of implanted ions and surface design of biomaterials.

Exosome-functionalized polyetheretherketone-based implant with immunomodulatory property for enhancing osseointegration

“…However, some inconsistencies between in vitro and in vivo experiments were observed, for instance, materials that were beneficial for in vitro osteogenesis cannot promote bone regeneration in vivo [ 3 ]. Based on the knowledge of osteoimmunology, just emphasizing the direct osteogenesis but ignoring the immune reactions caused by biomaterials is insufficient for researching and developing a new bone biomaterial [ [2] , [3] , [4] ]. Hence, a suitable bone biomaterial should not only be able to mediate osteogenesis but also has to be able to manipulate the immune response to exert a synergistic effect for achieving satisfactory osseointegration [ 5 ].…”

Role of Stem Cells in Augmenting Dental Implant Osseointegration: A Systematic Review

“…While it may be unfeasible to look for biomaterials that trigger no immune response, it may be possible to modify existing materials to elicit a beneficial immune reaction. It is important to examine a bone biomaterial's immunogenicity, along with its osteogenic and osseointegrative capabilities [8][9][10].…”

Toward Bactericidal Enhancement of Additively Manufactured Titanium Implants

“…Similar to the method used for the preparation of the Ag coating, ion implantation [178], PEO [16], sol-gel [179], and electrodeposition [180] are applied in the preparation of copper coatings. For AM implants with complex geometries, PEO [16] and electrochemically assisted deposition [180] seem to be the superior methods.…”