Synergistic effect of chitosan-based flame retardant and modified clay on the flammability properties of LLDPE

Hassan, Mohamed; Nour, Mohamed; Abdel‐Monem, Yasser K.; Makhlouf, Ghada; Abdelkhalik, Aksam

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.07.011

Cited by 84 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The peak at 553 cm −1 is for Si―O and Si―O―Al. The band at 495 cm −1 is referred to Si―O and Si―O―Fe stretching . The peak at 760 cm −1 is for Al―O―P .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…30 The PPK spectrum demonstrates the same peaks of pentaerythritol phosphate at 3. The bands at 1465 and 1230 cm −1 are assigned to -CH 2and C-C. [34][35][36] The MPPK FTIR spectrum shows an absorption peak at 3419 cm −1 which is referred to the NH 2 group; the peaks at 1677 and 770 cm −1 are related to triazine ring, and the peaks at 3153, 1520, and 1402 cm −1 are ascribed to NH 3 of melamine salt in MPPK.…”

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The band at 495 cm −1 is referred to Si-O and Si-O-Fe stretching. 18,[32][33][34][35][36] The peak at 760 cm −1 is for Al-O-P. 37 The pres- (OH in O═P-OH). 38 The FTIR analysis of MP agrees with the data reported by Chen and Wang for MP FTIR analysis.…”

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Manufacturing, thermal stability, and flammability properties of polypropylene containing new single molecule intumescent flame retardant

Abdelkhalik

Makhlouf

Hassan

2019

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Melamine salt of pentaerythritol phosphate kaolin (MPPK) was synthesized by the reaction of pentaerythritol phosphate with kaolin (K) and melamine. The structure of MPPK was confirmed by EDXS, 1H NMR, FTIR, and XRD. MPPK was blended with polypropylene (PP) at different loading levels. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that MPPK improved the thermal stability of PP at high temperatures in all PP composites. Vertical burning rate test manifested that PP composites can achieve V0 at 20% and 25% MPPK loading levels. Cone calorimeter data exhibited that addition of 25% MPPK to PP reduced peak of heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) by 86% and 76% and increased the char residue after test to 67%. The results of PP/25% MPPK composite were compared with the data obtained from PP containing 25% K and 25% of traditional intumescent flame retardant composed of melamine phosphate (MP), pentaerythritol (PE), and K. The outcomes indicated that MPPK was more efficient in flame retardancy than the other systems. The digital photographs and SEM images for char residue demonstrated that MPPK succeeded in forming cellular and coherent char layer on the PP surface. The main advantage of adding 25% MPPK to PP was its ability to preserve nearly the inner half of the sample without burning after cone calorimeter test.

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“…The peak at 553 cm −1 is for Si―O and Si―O―Al. The band at 495 cm −1 is referred to Si―O and Si―O―Fe stretching . The peak at 760 cm −1 is for Al―O―P .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Manufacturing, thermal stability, and flammability properties of polypropylene containing new single molecule intumescent flame retardant

Abdelkhalik

Makhlouf

Hassan

2019

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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“…However, they cannot catalyze its own charring and thus present relatively low flame‐retardant efficiency. According to the available literature, the combination of phosphorus‐containing compounds (acid sources) and polysaccharide (char sources) is an effective approach to enhance the flame‐retardant efficiency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphorylated chitosan‐cobalt complex: A novel green flame retardant for polylactic acid

Shi

Jiang

et al. 2017

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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The exploration of green flame retardants is of great significance for fire safety, ecological environment protection, and resource saving. Herein, a novel phosphorus containing chitosancobalt complex (CS-P-Co) was successfully synthesized for the first time and then introduced into polylactic acid matrix. Owning to the formation of cobalt salts, the CS-P-Co exhibits good thermal stability and catalytic char effect. The as-fabricated biodegradable polylactic acid/CS-P-Co composites with small amounts of CS-P-Co (≤ 4.0 wt%) show remarkably improved flame retardancy, such as decreased peak heat release rate and total heat release by 23.0% and 20.0%, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis, and Raman results demonstrate that compact graphitized char layers are formed on the composite surface during combustion, attributed to the catalytic effect of CS-P-Co. The char inhibits diffusion of heat, mass, and oxygen, which plays a key role in the flame retardancy enhancement.

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“…However, PE is a combustible material and this restricts its applications in cases where high thermal stability is a must. Thus, it is of great interest to further enhance the flame retardancy and thermal stability of PE . Polymer nanocomposites are materials in which fillers are dispersed in a polymer matrix on a nanoscale while the fillers have a dimension on the submicron scale.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tri-ammonium end functional polyethylene: facile synthesis and application as an intercalation agent

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2017

Polym. Int.

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Organo-modification of montmorillonite (MMT) is crucial for the promotion of a fine dispersion of MMT into an (often hydrophobic) polymer matrix. Ammonium-terminated polymers are more efficient in modifying clay compared to small organic cations such as alkyl ammoniums or side functionalized polymers. Herein, tri-amino end functional polyethylene (PE-3 N) with low molecular weight was first synthesized via an efficient and robust epoxide ring-opening reaction by treating epoxide-terminated PE with diethylenetriamine. The chemical structure of PE-3 N was unambitiously characterized by chromatographic and spectral methods. By reacting with excess HCl, PE-3 N was subsequently converted to tri-ammonium end functional polyethylene (PE-3 N + ), which serves as an intercalation agent of MMT. By adjusting the weight ratio of PE-3 N + to pristine MMT (R P/M ) applied in the static melt intercalation process, correlations between the extent of exfoliation and R P/M were successfully established. XRD results revealed that complete exfoliation of MMT could be afforded with R P/M as low as 1, which is the lowest value ever reported for ammonium-terminated polymers applied as intercalation agents. SEM micrographs showed that MMT sheets were swollen by PE-3 N + , affirming the successful modification of MMT. The PE modified MMT obtained may find application in preparing high-performance PE/MMT nanocomposites.

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Synergistic effect of chitosan-based flame retardant and modified clay on the flammability properties of LLDPE

Cited by 84 publications

References 23 publications

Manufacturing, thermal stability, and flammability properties of polypropylene containing new single molecule intumescent flame retardant

Manufacturing, thermal stability, and flammability properties of polypropylene containing new single molecule intumescent flame retardant

Phosphorylated chitosan‐cobalt complex: A novel green flame retardant for polylactic acid

Tri-ammonium end functional polyethylene: facile synthesis and application as an intercalation agent

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